An Introduction to Biology

The Impact Of Racism On People Of Color - 1875 Words

Ch#1A Theoretical Overview of the Impact of Racism on People of Color Chapter one covers the history and definition of racism. It also covers different pathways of racism and how racism is manifested. Within this chapter the impact of racism of people of color is discussed and its effects, such as depression. Symptoms beyond the mental and physical aspects are also discussed such as incarceration. CH#2 Applying Intersectionality Theory to Research on Perceived Racism Chapter#2 discusses the meaning of intersectionality. It also discusses ways to apply intersectional analysis to research on racism. This chapter also informs its readers on how to design a research on perceived racism. CH#3 Improving the Measurement of Self-Reported†¦show more content†¦He reader is informed of all the health risk of different ethnic minorities and some of the known causes. CH#7 Racism and Physical Health Disparities This chapter informs its audience of how health disparities occurs such as obesity, and diabetes, and what the United States is doing eliminate health disparities. It discusses which culture is more vulnerable to these health disparities. CH#8 The Impact of Racism on Education and the Educational Experiences of Students of Color This chapter elaborates on how racism has a negative impact on African American education, in which has been happening for many decades and is currently taking place. Furthermore, it speaks about segregation and how it currently exists in different ways. Additionally, it speaks on how segregation not only exist in one school, but it likewise exists across the school districts. It speaks on how segregation in these schools has a negative impact on students’ academic success and future success. CH#9 The Costs of Racism on Workforce Entry and Work Adjustment This chapter go into how racism can have negative effect your job search workplace, career and even your earnings. It discuss how mental health influences things on the job, such as the turnover rate. CH#10 The Impact of Racism on Communities of Color: Historical Contexts and Contemporary Issues Racism and how it contributes to poverty, impact of dislocation and relocation andShow MoreRelatedRacial Segregation And The Us Education System Essay1463 Words   |  6 PagesStudents of color in the United States struggle to access higher education, as a result of institutional racism and discrimination. This is troubling because college education is considered a way to increase opportunity and chances of success with finding employment and earning a high salary. This disparity can be attributed to the history of racial segregation in the US education system, which has produced differences of opportunity between students of color and white students (Chaisson 2004). ItRead MoreRacism And Racism Essay971 Words   |  4 PagesIs it racism or economics which hinders many African American communities from progressing economically in the 21st Century? This research proposal will address this question by examining the social and psychological impact caused by racism and the economic imp act it’s had on the African American community. This proposal will further investigate whether the emotional scars of slavery continue to hamper African American progress or if racism is actually the cause. The economic cost of discriminationRead MoreThe Impact of Racism in Sue Monk Kidds The Secret Life of Bees798 Words   |  4 Pagescharacter realizes that racism has a big impact in her life through the relationships with the boatwright sisters, when she runs away to Tiburon. In the beginning Lily is very oblivious to racism in and around her life. During her time in Tiburon Lily experiences herself being a minority and in the beginning she has trouble coping with it. In the end she realizes the impact of racism through the boatwright sisters. Initially, Lily is naive about the effects of racism. It is the summer of 1964Read MoreEssay about Eduardo Bonilla-Silvas Book, Racism Without Racists1653 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscusses the new racism in his book, Racism without Racists. Bonilla-Silva classifies the new racial discrimination as color blind racism. Color blind racism is then structured under four frames (26). Color blind racism is believed to have lead to the segregation of the white race from other minorities called white habitus. Color blind racism and white habitus has affected many people, whom don’t even realize that they are, have been or will be affected. Color blind racism is an â€Å"ideology,Read MoreStructural Or Institutional Racism Is Formed By The Social, Economic, Political Or Educational Forces Essay1063 Words   |  5 Pages â€Æ' Structural or institutional racism is formed by the social, economic, political or educational forces that foster discriminatory outcomes or give preference to members of one group over the other deriving its genesis from the concept of race. The biological fact for the race has been invalidated by biologists, but the social aspect of it is formed by the community. The physical traits still possess the meanings of social race identity. It is these social race identities that deliberate placementRead MoreEnvironmental And Environmental Disaster Of The United Church Of Christ Commission On Racial Justice1424 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscovered the disproportionate placement of hazardous waste facilities in low-income communities of color throughout the United States. California, specifically, is a culturally diverse state with changing demographics and major issues with pollution. Although pollution and waste is a widespread problem, it has been more negatively impactful to communities of color than those of whites. Environmental racism demonstrates several instances of causation and correlation between ethnicity and exposure to pollutionRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Living Color By Claudia Rankine903 Words   |  4 PagesLiving Color Citizen (2014), by Claudia Rankine, is a book that explores racism and prejudice that is happening in the United States. Rankine incorporates personal encounters, reactions, reflections, writing and art pieces, historical events, and the media to prove the point that racism is still very prominent to this day. For a majority of the book, Rankine writes short pieces about her personal encounters that deals with some form of racism, whether it happened to her or if she witnessed racism happeningRead MoreRacism And Prejudice By Claudia Rankine889 Words   |  4 Pagesis a book that explores racism and prejudice that is happening in the United States. Rankine incorporates personal encounters, reactions, reflections, writing and art pieces, historical events, and the media to prove the point that racism is still very prominent to this day. For a majority of the book, Rankine writes short pieces about her personal encounters that deals with some form of racism, whether it happened to her or if she witnessed racism happening to other people. Within those short piecesRead MoreThe Evolution Of A Person s Skin1196 Words   |  5 PagesThe Evolution of Racism It is hard to believe that color was such a major factor as few as, 63 years ago. The color of one’s skin is often said to make them, unjustly, inferior, to someone with non-pigmented skin. The color of a person’s skin was the leading principle of unfair treatment throughout history. Skin color dictated what line an individual would stand in and what bathroom they could use. Throughout time, racism has evolved from the blatant disrespect to people of color, but yet, it stillRead MoreRacism : Racism And Racism989 Words   |  4 PagesRacism in America Racism discrimination has been one of our society’s most horrible social problems. In the words of the famous Martin Luther King judging an individual by the color of their skin rather than the content of their character can be a very dehumanizing experience that can have lasting effects on an individual life. Racism in America has not come to a cease. Racism promotes negative personal relations between people of different cultures. I believe slavery started around the 1500s

Improvement of the Employee Engagement †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Improvement of the Employee Engagement. Answer: Introduction Employees are the backbone of an organization and the employee engagement is also very important for the success of an organization. Employee engagement shows the involvement, empowerment, motivation level and the commitment of the employees for his job and the organization (Huang 2016). If in an organization employees are engaged then they will be aware about the activities of the organization and are always motivated to work in a team for improving the performance of the organization (Smith 2016. ) It has been observed that the employees who are engaged in an organization are more concerned about the organizations profitability and the future. The implementation of the employee engagement strategy shows the association of the employees and the organizations value, motives and the goals become much important for an employee. Employee engagement motivates the employees to go the extra mile and put extra efforts for accomplishing the vision and the mission of an organization and it al so helps in adding the positive values in the employees.(Ruck 2016) .These areas of study provide various opportunities for enhancing the job and maintain the satisfaction level of the employees and it has a great scope in the performance and the turnover ratio. It encourages the leaders and helps in employee retention and the increment in the performance and the motivation level of an organization. Overview JDA Software Group, Inc. is an American software and the consulting company they provide manufacturing planning, supply chain management, retail planning, store operations and the collaborative category management solutions and its headquarter is in Scottsdale, Arizona. It has more than 4000 companies as customers in the distribution, transportation, retail, manufacturing and the services industries. Mission and Vision The mission of the JDA software is to help the clients seamlessly and connect the supply chain so that clients can deliver services to their customers. The vision of the JDA software is to deliver products and the services seamlessly to their clients and they have almost 4000 customers globally who use the JDA integrated supply and retail and supply chain planning and executing the solutions for the cost optimization, increase in the revenue and the reduction in the time. Growth JDA has done partnership with new mountain capital and it known as one of the strategic investment for JDA and it has provided the growth to the company for the future years as well. JDA has more than the 4000 manufacturing, wholesale distribution, third party logistics and the huge customer based and it includes various retailers. In the five Gartner Magic Quadrants JDA is the leader in covering the supply chain and the merchandising solutions and has been positioned strongly. JDA is expanding and leading the control tower and SOP with the help of the multi- dimensional in memory computing and recently they have started the future series which outlines the retail operations and the supply chain management. JDA has various branches at the national as well as international level for the proper functioning. HR Strategy of an organization The HR strategies of JDA software are very appealing as they have the separate departments related to the different issues. The company focuses on encouraging the team work and how work life balance can be maintained. Yearly family functions are organized for re-energizing the employees and awards are also given to the employees in the presence of all the family members it increases the level of motivation among the employees and feels appreciated. To encourage the employees for improving the performance level company announces employee month/quarter of the year (Ohunakin 2016). The HR department also organizes the lunch and the dinner for their employees on occasions or after the successful completion of the project as a celebration. Company provides regular health check up facilities in the office premises for the health benefits of the employees and provides vouchers also. They provide onsite facilities also to the employees to work on new projects for boosting the level of confidence and retaining the employees (Leder 2016).Various other competitions are organized along with the sports activities, marathons so that employees can take out some time from their busy schedule and can focus on their health. Regularly the managers and the CEO keeps on interacting with the employees so that friendly culture can be encouraged and implemented and everyone should get proper respect and simultaneously the cultural diversity can also be maintained. A company provides adequate training and the flexibility to their employees for increasing the productivity. Analysis on the employee engagement With the analysis it has been observed that the company invests much on the development of the employees. The communication level among the employees is also effective and everyone pays equal respect to all the employees in an organization. In an organization employees feels that there are great opportunities to learn and the ideas of the employees are valuable and the company provides the vast scope in learning the technology.(Baker 2016). The few issues which employees face are that themanagement changes frequently as which affects the work culture and the effectiveness of the employees. Secondly employees feel that there is a delay in the promotion and the percentage of the hike is also less. Due to these few reasons only employees do not feel comfortable as somehow the monetary benefits matters a lot for all the employees. The other facilities which company provides are the flexibility in the timing and the good package to the newly hired employees and the efforts are recognized timely by the managers of an organization (Shirin 2017. )The working environment and the culture are also good and the companys policies are also good and they value people, work and the culture. Few of the employees feel that there is no onsite opportunity in the company and this company is one of the global leaders in the supply chain and logistics (Devito 2016). Recommendations As we have already discussed the importance of the employee engagement in an organization. I would recommend the following points to be considered by JDA software. Company should encourage the clear and open communication among the employees and along with it company should also communication the expected outcomes from the employees so that accordingly they can motivate themselves. Company should keep on promoting their culture, reputation, values and the ethics as it makes the employees to feel comfortable and allows them to recognize their importance in an organization (Elwyn 2017). Innovation leads to success as company should focus on the innovation of the new ideas as employees feels motivated in facing the challenges. It always helps in building the confidence and the trust level among the employees. Feedbacks are important as it improves the confidence and the morale in the employees and the managers should try to focus on the accountability of the employees rather than criticizing I would suggest the that managers should make the employees understand in a polite manner and also tell the different ways of performing well (Menges 2017). Managers of the organization should also focus on delegating the roles and the responsibilities to the employees as in it they feels the growth in their career by learning and performing the different tasks (Fuchs 2016). Companies should provide both the monetary as well as non monetary benefits and the incentives to their employees with the proper recognition of their work in the organization for the purpose of improving the productivity. Conclusion With the above study it can be concluded that the employees performance and the motivation level usually gets increased by engaging the employees in an organization. There are various other factors through which employees gets motivated it can be rewards, monetary benefits but the employee engagement is the best as through it employees recognize themselves and their capability related to the working skills. In achieving the desired goals of an organization the employee engagement plays pivotal role as with the effective teams can be build to work in a competitive environment, healthy relations can be maintained with the other employees as well from the other department. This adaptive environment in an organization enhances the motivation level of the employees and it simultaneously improves the performance of the organization. It has been a great for all the organizations that how employees can be engaged for the accomplishment of the organizational goals. These days most of the orga nizations are digging out the ideas for engaging the employees so that they can engage their employees for a period of time and by retaining the skills can be used. It has been researched that employees want career growth, trust and the strong belief as well as the trust from the organization. References Baker, B,LSS,CJASRJ, 2016, 'The role of corporate boards in employee engagement'. Devito, L,BA,BB,CMAMB, 2016, ' Employee Motivation based on the Hierarchy of Needs, Expectancy and the Two-Factor Theories Applied with Higher Education Employees. ', International Journal of Advances in Management, Economics and Entrepreneurship. Elwyn, LJ,ENASCA, 2017, 'Importance of Leadership and Employee Engagement in Trauma-Informed Organizational Change at a Girls Juvenile Justice Facility.', Human Service Organizations: Management, Leadership Governance, pp. 41(2), pp.106-. Fuchs, MAKK, 2016, 'Human Resource Management as driver behind employee satisfaction and organisational performance.', In FALF 2016-Inkluderande och hllbart arbetsliv, 2016. Huang, YH,LJ,MAC,MLA,RMM,CJHAZD, 2016, 'Beyond safety outcomes: An investigation of the impact of safety climate on job satisfaction, employee engagement and turnover using social exchange theory as the theoritical framework', Applied Ergonomics, pp. 248-247. Leder, S,NGR,VJA,MSACKE, 2016, 'Effects of office environment on employee satisfaction: a new analysis. ', Building Research Information, , pp. 44(1), pp.34-50. Menges, JI,TDV,WAAGAM, 2017, 'When job performance is all relative: how family motivation energizes effort and compensates for intrinsic motivation. ', Academy of Management Journal, , pp. 60(2), pp.695-719. Ohunakin, F,AAAAAID 2016, 'Transactional Leadership Style and Employee Job Satisfaction among Universities' Guest Houses in South-West Nigeria.'. Ruck, K,WMAMB, 2016, 'Employee voice: An antecedent to organisational engagement? Public Relations Review.'. Shirin, AAKN, 2017. , 'An Evaluation of the Effects of Corporate Reputation on Employee Engagement: The Case of a Major Bank in South Africa. ', International Studies of Management Organization, , pp. 47(3), pp.276-292. Smith, MABUS, 2016. , 'Interplay between performance measurement and management, employee engagement and performance. ', International Journal of Operations Production Management.

The Middle Ages Argumentative Essay Example For Students

The Middle Ages Argumentative Essay During the English middle ages law often took on the form of an ordeal. An ordeal is a method of trial inwhich the accused was given a physical test that could only be met successfully if he or she was innocentin the eyes of God. I will discuss specifically three types of ordeals that were commonly used. I Ordeal of White Hot IronThis ordeal was used to test a persons honesty. If a person was accused of lying to an officialpertaining to a crime supposedly committed, then the individual would be given a choice. If the accusedheld the white hot iron and did not get burned by it then he was innocent. If the accused held the iron andwas burned then he was considered to be guilty and then punished according to the law. The accusedwould also be held as guilty if he chose not to undertake the ordeal at all. We will write a custom essay on The Middle Ages Argumentative specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now II Ordeal of FireThis ordeal was the only ordeal administered to women accused of cheating on their husbands. The suspected woman, dressed in white cloth, was made to walk through fire. If the clothing singed orturned black, then she was guilty and faced punishment. III Trial by CombatOf all medieval ordeals, this one may be considered the most fatal. To settle a dispute in thismanner the plaintiff and the defendant would agree to wage a combat with each other until the death. Armor, if allowed would be scanty and only a sword or dagger would be used. Often the event would beconducted in a public meeting place such as the town square. This led to the entertainment aspect of theordeal. The townsfolk would often demand one arm tied behind the back or have weights tied around eachleg to contribute to the fun of spectatorship. While these methods of trial may seem unjust or even cruel by todays standard they were widelyaccepted by the people on the basis on religious beliefs that God would reign as the supreme judge over thematter. However, rarely did one ever walk away from ordeal by white hot iron with an unblemished hand. And very few times did the David slay the Goliath in trial by combat. Yet the townsfolk continued tosupport these events, even after the Fourth Lateran Council of 1215 outlawed clerics to take part in thetrials. The ordeals lasted unofficially until the early nineteenth century.

Tourism And The Environment Tourism Essay Essay Example

Tourism And The Environment Tourism Essay Essay Example Tourism And The Environment Tourism Essay Essay Tourism And The Environment Tourism Essay Essay Tourism depends extremely on the environment which consists of both natural and semisynthetic environment. The natural environment consists of beaches, seas, mountains, lakes and woods whereas the semisynthetic environment consists of historic metropoliss, heritage edifices, memorials and so on. The primary touristry resource base consists of the natural and semisynthetic environments which are indispensable for the touristry merchandise and if the environment degrades touristry will extremely worsen. Tourism consists of both international and domestic tourers. Tourists look after attractive environment, recreational and clean resources and civilization but they require other resources such as adjustment, conveyance installations, stores, eating houses and other services which bring physical alterations to the finish and it includes the enlargement of the built environment. Domestic touristry histories for about 80 per cent of all tourer activity therefore many states tend to prioritise international touristry. Harmonizing to Pancic, Kombol ( 2000 ) touristry resources are defined as the agencies which can be utilized for the touristry sector in a given country. The primary touristry resources are possible and existent touristry attractive forces. Djukic ( 1999 ) stated that Natural touristry resources consist of all natural elements and factors that possess a high grade of attraction and that reflect their geographical environment and can be valorised for touristry intents Most surveies have highlighted the fact that most tourist travel for the 3 S that is sun, sea and sand and that finishs focus on marketing the 3s in order to pull more tourers for illustration Barbados and St. Lucia are finishs where the traditional sun-sea-sand touristry is typical. There are sea activities like rowing, rafting, and fishing, kayaking and canoeing which attract tourers to finishs. However there are other activities such as mountain climbing, stone mounting, paragliding, eco-tourism, spelaeology which are developing quickly. Nevertheless there are other signifiers of touristry which are turning quickly such as winter mountain touristry, ecotourism, nature-based mass touristry and heritage touristry. Coastal countries offer broad scopes of landscapes, utilizations and activities. Harmonizing to Dragicevic, Klaric and Kusen ( 1997 ) coasts account for most touristry activities therefore are the most of import resources of nautical parts. Beachs link the land to the sea and are the chief factor which attracts tourer every bit good as locals to coastal countries ; hence beaches play an of import function in pulling people to a finish. Beachs can be classified into the undermentioned classs: sandy beaches, pebble beaches, rock slab beaches and beaches covered in grass. Sandy beaches which are situated in lagunas are extremely valued in the touristry sector. Seawater is an of import natural resource in footings of touristry. Its temperature, salt every bit good as its transparence are the belongingss both physical and chemical which determines the value of saltwater as a touristry resource. There are other belongingss of saltwater which have an impact on invitee behaviour, those belongingss are moving ridges and tides and if the H2O is clean all these belongingss will be valorized. The function of ocean floor which is a natural resource is turning bit by bit as it is linked to plunging and submerged activities of the touristry industry. Islands are of import resources for nautical touristry, they are extremely valued environmentally and are preserved countries and harmonizing to Mikacic ( 1995 ) they represent the strategic potency of the touristry trade. Tourism can hold both negative and positive impacts on the environment. Tourism activities can do environmental debasement but it can besides lend to an bing state of affairs which has been caused by the local population. The chief negative environmental impacts of touristry have been identified as doing force per unit area on natural resources, pollution and bring forthing a batch of waste and damaging the ecosystem. Pollution is extremely present and it is largely a consequence of waste disposal. The impact on pollution of touristry trade and marine vas is increasing while that of production industries is diminishing. Tourism every bit good as the substructures that it requires can hold negative impacts on the Marine, coastal, tellurian ecosystem and drinkable H2O resources. Most of the impacts are generated by improper direction of liquid, solid waste and waste H2O. The touristry sector has an impact on the environment in footings of solid waste coevals, physical harm to corals from frogmans and from boat ground tackles, every bit good as sand compression from the heavy use of beaches by tourers and vehicles. The touristry industry generates significant sums of solid waste and this has direct and indirect impacts on the environment. Ship-generated refuse besides forms portion of the solid waste which is generated by the touristry industry. Plastics play a great function in the decease and maiming of Marine animate beings and other impairment in the Marine and coastal environments. Beachs are polluted and there are broken glass or bottles every bit good as tins improperly disposed on beaches which injure tourers every bit good as local occupants. Liquid waste is one of the chief impacts on the environment generated from the touristry industry. Liquid waste is disposed in the sea and the touristry industry generates a big sum of untreated liquid waste from hotels, eating houses, sloping of oil in the sea from sail ships and weedkillers, pesticides and fertilisers from resort landscape gardening and golf class. For illustration in Barbados, hotels situated on the seashore have contributed extremely to the debasement of the environment. Pollution of the sea besides includes the debut of pathogens in the H2O which can hold a negative impact on the wellness of tourers and occupants which uses the coastal recreational resources. The bacterium can besides assail corals therefore suppressing their growing. The gasoline used in recreational vehicles and the effects of the decomposition of Sns and bottles are really harmful to aquatic workss every bit good as the wildlife. The building of touristry installations on the seashore leads to the coevals of dust and particulate affairs which may hold a negative impact on the marine environment and may besides do noise pollution. Wilkinson ( 1989 ) stated that The concentration of big substructure and resort composites along delicate coastlines has destroyed Rhizophora mangles and beaches and caused laguna pollution from sand excavation, dredging, and sewerage dumping . There are besides deforestation, trees are being cut down for the development of hotels or marinas. Pollution of beaches has led to the closing of many beaches in recent old ages for illustration in the 1980s more than 80 million dozenss of refuse was gathered during the one-year beach clean-ups. The chief environmental impacts of touristry on the beach and the sea are generated by congestion, pollution and eroding. As mentioned earlier pollution every bit good as eroding can raise by touristry activities but they are nt the exclusive effect of the touristry industry. Congestion and beach overcrowding can take to sand compression which can hold negative impacts on Marine animals every bit good as beach visible radiations which act as pollution. Beach sand compression can be caused by recreational vehicles. Coral reefs are of import touristry resources for plunging and they provide protection for the shoreline during storms. Therefore coral reefs can be physically damaged by boat ground tackles and frogmans. Erosion is a consequence of abuse of beaches both by tourer and local occupants. Beach nutriment is to put sand on an gnawing beach and it costs between $ 1 million and $ 10 million to set sand on one stat mi of beach. Sand which is taken from tidal recesss can increase eroding. There are some beaches which have been restored with hapless quality deposit dwelling of clay, stone, and interrupt shell fragments. In some beaches the seashore value is worsening in footings of being a resource in the touristry industry as the sand is vanishing due to urban development of the seashore. Most of the impacts of touristry on coastlines have been negative due to inadequate planning and this includes sand-mining for building, coastal eroding from coastal technology plants and the building and care of breakwaters, inguens, wharfs and piers, dredging and spoil disposal. Some positive impacts generated by touristry: The preservation of natural countries every bit good as biodiversity through Nature heritage touristry. Development and execution new engineerings which can minimise touristry s impact on the environment and widen the preservation of natural resources. Constitution of direction ordinances and certificate organic structures in order to pull off touristry environmental issues Therefore there should be a proper planning to pull off environmental impacts of touristry and keep the beaches decently in order to go on to pull tourers on the long term.

Saying Hello in French

Saying Hello in French Greetings are an essential part of French social etiquette. The most important and common greeting is  bonjour, which means hello, good day, or even hi. There are also other ways to say hello or greet someone in French, but its important to understand what greetings are acceptable in various social contexts. Youll also need to familiarize yourself with greetings that are considered informal versus those that you would use in more formal settings. Bonjour- The Most Common Greeting Saying bonjour is the most common way to greet someone in French. Its a flexible, all-purpose term: You use it to greet people in the morning, afternoon, or evening. Bonjour is always polite, and it works in any situation. In France, you need to say  bonjour  when entering a place.  Whether you are talking to a single salesperson  or entering a crowded bakery, greet them by saying  bonjour. For example, if there are a few people sitting at a table you are approaching or several acquaintances are drinking  un expresso  at the bar as you walk up to them,  greet them with a friendly  bonjour.   If you are talking to one person, it is polite in French to use courtesy titles when you say hello, as in:   Bonjour, madame  (Mrs.)Bonjour, monsieur  (Mr.)Bonjour,  mademoiselle  (Miss) Its acceptable to say bonjour by itself- without using courtesy titles- if you are greeting several people, such as when you enter une boulangerie  (a bakery) packed with a line of customers. Bonsoir- The Evening Hello Use bonsoir  to say hello in the evening. Since the  hour that nighttime arrives in France can vary greatly  depending on the season, generally start saying bonsoir around 6 p.m. You can also use bonsoir when you leave- so long as its still evening. Beware of Salut Salut (pronounced with a silent t) is commonly used in France, although it is extremely informal: Its the equivalent of saying hey in English.  Avoid using salut  with people you dont know unless you are a teenager. If you are in doubt, stick with bonjour, which- as noted- is always an acceptable form of greeting. You can also use salut  to say goodbye  in an informal setting among close friends, but there are better ways to  say goodbye in French. Gestures Associated With Bonjour If you say bonjour to a group of strangers- such as when you are  entering a shop- you need not add any gestures, though you may nod your head a bit, and of course smile. If you know the person you are greeting with bonjour, you would either shake his hand- a frank, strong handshake is preferable- or kiss him on the cheek.  Light kisses  (rarely just one kiss on each cheek but usually three or four total) are extremely common in France among friends and acquaintances. Be aware, however, that the  French do not hug  upon greeting each other and saying  bonjour.

Sex, Violence and Transgression Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sex, Violence and Transgression - Essay Example In some instances, violence occurs in relation to sex. This is mostly in instances of rape and any other sexual harassment (Fausto-Sterling, 2000). This essay will look at sex, violence and transgression with representation of violence from news media and analyze them. The modern culture is obsessed with sex and sexuality while there are still too many social pressures around sex. Some of these pressures are how to wear and what fashion trends to follow, how to raise and school your children and whom to befriend. These pressures affect people since everyone wants to accepted and fit in the society as a unique person. The study of sexuality encompasses an array of social activities, an abundance of behaviors, series and societal topics. Biologically sexuality involves sexual intercourse and contact. It also involves the psychological aspects in relation to medical related concerns. Being the main force conditioning human relationship, sex is essentially political. The construction of a sexual universe is fundamentally linked to the structures of power in any social context. Construction of sexual meaning is a means through which social institutions manage and shape relationships among human beings. Body Today s’ sexual behaviors have increased regardless of age or gender. Our cultures no longer respects sex as a power capable of producing human life instead to many, sex is not taken seriously and is used for the purpose of entertainment. Trivializing sex leads to loss of value in marriage, this degrades women and their families. Use of contraceptives has destroyed the family and society as well. Once divorced from the aspect of reproduction, any type of sexual union can practice marriages legal perquisites. Many girls are giving themselves away to gain things a child craves, and it will be years before they know what they have done to themselves. Once these girls are married for the purpose of having children they came to understand that life is a sacrifi ce, fulfillment was not part of their vocabulary. Sexual activity among youths and under children can bring serious consequences. Unfortunately, the recently long term trend in sexual activity among youth has not been promising (Monro, 2005). The rates of sexual activity have increased. About twenty percent of more males and females are having sex today by 18 than the earlier 1970s. Research shows that most of people who engage in sex are between ages 12 -10. About half of both boys between ages 12 -19 have not had sex. The increase of sexual activities among teenagers has led to an increase in teen birth rate, school drop –out rate and high level of poverty in the society. Adolescents who initiate themselves in these health risk behaviors’ of sexual intercourse and substance abuse such as contraceptives at an early age have poor health in their adult life. These adolescents achieve low in education and do not contribute adequately to society. There is also a big gap o f age difference between young girls and their first sex partners. The younger a girl is during her first sexual intercourse the higher the average age difference between her and sexual partner. This is also related to the number of sex partners she will have in her teenage life. This leads to teenage pregnancy due to lack of proper sex education (Connell, 2002). Non- voluntary and unwanted sex is particularly commonly among very young girls. This becomes a trouble to the

Why should national parliaments have a role in the EU framework What Essay

Why should national parliaments have a role in the EU framework What role should national parliaments play in a) shaping, and b) scrutinising, EU decision making - Essay Example In the commission, each commissioner’s cabinet includes a member responsible for relations with the parliament, and the regular meetings of this group of advisers has become an important feature of policy co-ordination within the commission; in addition, one commissioner has designated responsibility for relations within the European Parliament1. While relations between the EU institutions have become increasingly interdependent, there has also been growing need for co-operation between the national and EU level for the purposes of development and significance in implementation of EU policies. Since, in the course of establishment of the single market, much of the European economy has been re-regulated at the European level, greater responsibility has fallen on the Member states’ administrations to implement European legislations. This has had a dynamic effect on both the national and the European level; within member states, national (and often regional and local) authorities have had to familiarize themselves with the European Union regulations that they have to implement. Hence each of the national parliaments has to be involved in the consultation aspects when it comes to the formulation and scrutiny of these regulations. On the European level, the decision making institutions, and the commission in particular had to design regulations for centralized application, anticipating and overcoming difficulties in ensuring uniform implementation and compliance. The result from these ripple effects of developments in the 1980s and 1990s has been the need for effective and continuous communication between the policy makers and the scientific experts from the member states, commission and council officials and members of the European and national parliaments. The absence of any institution or set of interests having hierarchical control over the decision making process is one of the reasons why committees have become such an institution or

The novel Fahrenheit 451 Essay Example for Free

The novel Fahrenheit 451 Essay Have you ever had a mentor that changed the person you were, and the way you viewed life? The effects of such a mentor can be life-changing . We read about such a mentor in the novel Fahrenheit 451. In the novel, Ray Bradbury writes about Guy Montag and his life- changing journey. Montag begins in the novel as a conformist who doesn’t really think for himself but throughout the novel with the help of mentors he begins to think for himself and doesn’t just conform to society. The title, Finny’s Break, is revealing of not just the physical break that occurs, but also in a deeper sense it is symbolic of the friendship’s emotional and psychological break that transpires. This decision to jounce the limb has many disastrous repercussions which are unremitting upon Gene, his friends and the school itself. The first and probably most significant of the mentors is Clarisse. Clarisse is a free spirit, who claimed to be seventeen, but with her wisdom she spoke as a seventy year old woman. With her sweet, innocent charm, she opened Montag’s eyes to see his life for what it truly was. For instance, when Clarisse says â€Å"Did you look at the stretched-out billboard like I told you.† This illustrates Clarisse influence on Montag to actually analyze his surroundings. She was the first mentor to spark Montag’s curiosity to ask why. Clarisse showed Montag that individuality is important from tasting rain to having a deep conversation with family. Clarisse definitely brought Montag out of his old way and encouraged him to think. When Montag and Faber first met, Montag knew that he would make a huge impact on him one day. Faber taught Montag to take his ideas to a grander scale. For instance when Montag says â€Å"I thought if it turned out that book were worthwhile, we might get a press and print some extra copies†. Faber replies with â€Å"Now, if you suggest that we print extra books and Miller arrange to have them hidden in firemen’s house all over the country†(85). In addition, Faber explained the deeper meaning of books to Montag, â€Å"It’s not books you need, it’s some of the   things that once were in books†(82). Montag needed this wisdom to in order to understand   what he was fighting for. Beatty may not seem like much of a mentor to Montag, however he was, but the way he taught him was in a negative way that it pushed Montag to be bold. For example when Captain Beatty said â€Å"Go ahead now, you second-hand litterateur, pull the trigger.† in which Montag responded â€Å"we never burned right†¦ †(119). This shows how Beatty’s negative influence toward Montag helped him realize that he wasn’t burning the right things in his life. Instead of burning books they should have been burning the televisions and the ignorance that the society had. This push lead to Montag burning Beatty, which is the start of his vendetta. In Fahrenheit 451, Bradbury illustrates how a mentor can have a life changing impact. This I sometimes think drivers dont know what grass is, or flowers, because they never see them slowly. This novel illustrates the importance of mutual friendship and that the choices we make will often times follow us throughout our lives.

King Leopolds Ghost Essay -- Essays Papers

King Leopolds Ghost King Leopold's Ghost tells a story of the Belgian King Leopold II and his misrule of an African colony, named (at the time) the Congo Free State. It is a wild and unpleasant story of a man's capacity for evil and the peculiar manifestation of it. In telling this story, Hochschild does a wonderful job of giving detailed descriptions, especially of the colorful individuals involved, both good and bad. His analysis of the situation is very solid, starting with the movement when the Congolese hero (Morel) finds out a very terrible fact and moving on through his (Morel) analysis and actions, all the while telling the story of a treacherous monster. Set in the palaces and boardrooms of Europe and in the villages of central Africa, it tells the story of the tragedy that took place during Leopold's so called rule, a tragedy that is so familiar to African-Americans, being told of our African brothers residing in the homeland. This "horror" story is just in fact that, a horror story, giving and revealing the utter most secrets of the respected King Leopold. Allow me to take you on a journey, pointing out the King's determination and, reasoning for what he'd done and the scars he left deep within the heart of the Congo. In the introduction I stated that Morel was the character that I considered to be the hero of this story, now the main question behind that would be, why? Along with, Who is Morel? His complete name was Edmund Dene Morel; he was a young clerk who worked for a Liverpool based firm where his duties were to supervise the unloading and reloading of the ships arriving in Antwerp, Belgium. As Morel watched the shipments arrive he noticed something, a great amount of ivory and rubber were being transported into Belgium but nothing was being taken out, as the book states: "There is no trade going on here. Little or nothing is being exchanged for the rubber and ivory†¦with almost no goods being sent to Africa to pay for them, he realizes that there can be only one explanation for their source: slave labor." (p.2) With his newfound revelation at hand Morel does not sit still. Demonstrating that he refused to turn a blind eye to what fortune had allowed him to see, he soon becomes active with his newfound knowledge. Soon afterward Morel devoted his life to stopping slavery in the Congo. From the early 1900's until afte... ... their own, getting educated, and even going to the lengths of forming Greek organizations, that their fellow brother in Africa were being brutally mutilated and stripped of their humanity. Hochschild has done an exemplary job of writing this book by gathering details and evidence not to mention the wonderful writing skills that he's displayed throughout the entire book. In my opinion, the account of shocking and brutal nature of Belgian colonial rule, is worth reading on it's own, if only to remind us of the horror of the colonialism from which the US has recently escaped. And anyone with an interest in the way we car for or mistreat other humanbeings may find a great deal of food for thought here as well. ABOUT THE AUTHOR Hochschild, a renowned journalist has taken on Stalin and Russian psyche in previous books. He has been criticized the almost exclusive focus of the CRA movement on Belgium, citing comparable brutality by the US in the Philippines, the British in Australia, the Germans in what is now Namibia. Bibliography: Hochschild, Adam "King Leopold's Ghost:a story of greed, terror, and heroism in colonial Africa. First Mariner Books 1998. New York

College Comp

What did you learn about yourself as a writer? As a thinker? This term I learned as a writer, that I have to break the writer's block but Just free writing and getting all my ideas out there and going back to edit my work. As a thinker I learned how to think and us correct punctuation and to also think about what I am writing and does it make sense. This course has been very beneficial to me, and I will continue to use the skills I have retained throughout my college/professional career. 2)What did you learn about the process of writing?I learned that the process of writing is a Journey. You have to want to embark on the journey to accomplish it and complete the task at hand. Writing a good paper is more than Just throwing words on paper, it critically thinking and executing the process of writing 3)What skills did you develop that might help you in the future? One of the most important skills I have learned is outlining. This has helped me this term to complete my final project. I w ill use this in future writing classes and in my career when writing. 4)What did you take from the larger conversation with others?I learned for the conversation with my classmates how to give constructive criticism as well take the criticism and make the corrections and ensure the end result is great. 5)How did your feedback from peers and your instructor affect the revision of your blueprint, letter to the editor, and presentation? The feedback that I received from my class mated and professor were so helpful in my Journey through this course. They helped me take out UN-useful text, and gave me ideas of where to add text to give my final project the girth it needs to hold my audience's attention.

Impacts of the Modern Atomic Model Essay

The Bohr model is a primitive model of the hydrogen atom. As a theory, it can be derived as a first-order approximation of the hydrogen atom using the broader and much more accurate quantum mechanics, and thus may be considered to be an obsolete scientific theory. However, because of its simplicity, and its correct results for selected systems (see below for application), the Bohr model is still commonly taught to introduce students to quantum mechanics, before moving on to the more accurate but more complex valence shell atom. A related model was originally proposed by Arthur Erich Haas in 1910, but was rejected. The quantum theory of the period between Planck’s discovery of the quantum(1900) and the advent of a full-blown quantum mechanics (1925) is often referred to as the old quantum theory. The economics of our world are based around money and social status within the population. The economics of a country could cause its leaders to change, prices to skyrocket, and eventually its economic situation could affect the rest of the world. For example, Hitler came to power in Germany because the Germans were going through an economic crisis. Hitler promised them that he could get them out of that depression, and because the people of Germany believed him and gave him power, Hitler was able to start a mass assassination of people in other countries. However, the point isn’t about world domination through economics, it is about the people involved in the economy and how they are affected. It is about the people who live their life based on moving up the economic ladder, making more money, and having a higher power in the economy. In Crime and Punishment Fyodor Dostoevsky presents different characters who represent diverse levels in the economics of the country in which they are living. He uses Katerina Ivanovna Marmeladov to show the group of people who are on the low level of society. Dostoevsky also uses Pyotr Petrovich Luzhin to show the class of people who use their money and status to control others; these are the people on the high level of society.

Free Essays on Dali

of light that some day would savagely gleam around my glorious name!†(1994, p.61) It seems that Dali’s need to show off seems to have been a defense against a profound sense of personal inadequacy, which is also related to his relationship with his father. â€Å"While supremely confident of his artistic vocation and potential, he was crippled with sh... Free Essays on Dali Free Essays on Dali Dali was subject to environmental significant formative influences at an early age by his parents. They spoiled him to an extreme extent and it had a major effect on the shaping of his character. â€Å"His parents, perhaps blaming themselves to a certain extent for the death of their first child, were over-protective with the second and seem habitually to have given him his own way, encouraging a pattern that was to persist until his death.†(1994, p.53) Dali would throw tantrums until he got what he wanted. His parents would give in which encouraged him even more. This insolent behavior didn’t stop with his parents but was the same case with relatives and friends. â€Å"Christmas provided the perfect opportunity, too, for tantrums, and Anna Maria recalled that Salvador used to get so worked up on these visits that he never stopped crying and raging.†(1994, p.53) This constant attention, which Dali so desperately craved, was constant throughout his life. T his built the eccentric reputation he was so famed for which went along with his unmistakable mustache. Dali was keen on achieving fame and was pushed by his success in his small art shows to the unfortunate death of his mother, which Dali took very hard. â€Å" The death of Salvador’s mother in February 1921 from cancer was, he wrote in the Secret Life, ‘the greatest blow I had experienced in my life’. If we can believe this account, her loss made him ever more determined to achieve fame: ‘With my teeth clenched with weeping, I swore to myself that I would snatch my mother from death and destiny with the swords of light that some day would savagely gleam around my glorious name!†(1994, p.61) It seems that Dali’s need to show off seems to have been a defense against a profound sense of personal inadequacy, which is also related to his relationship with his father. â€Å"While supremely confident of his artistic vocation and potential, he was crippled with sh...

nashville essays

nashville essays Until the late 1770s Middle Tennessee was largely unexplored, until a contingent of men and livestock made the difficult trek from Hillsborough, N.C. They traveled during the coldest winter of the century in total isolation in the undeveloped territory. They arrived on Christmas day 1779, and were met six months later by women and children. A fledgling community had been created. Expansion happened almost immediately for this small farming community. At the same time the Colonies had fought for and won their independence from England, and the new settlement quickly began to establish a government and claim individual property rights. Nashville was founded by James Robertson and named after Francis Nash, who was the clerk of the county at Hillsborough, N.C. Later, as the center of the cotton trade Nashville flourished. It also served as a key river port and later as a center for railroads. Today Nashville is known by many names such as Music City, U.S.A., Country Music Capital of the World, Home of the Nashville Sound, Home of the Grand Old Opry, and the Athens of the South. Nationally Nashville ranks amongst the top with New York and Los Angeles as the center of the recording industry. This brings in many vital tourists who boost the citys economy. Nashville is home to dozens of recording studios, music publishers, record companies, and agents, as well as hundreds of talented musicians seeking to capture their attention. Opry Land U.S.A. is the mainstay of Nashvilles entertainment scene. It is a huge complex that regularly features big name music acts, and has been the home of the Grand Ole Opry since 1974. The Grand Ole Opry is considered by some to be the most influential and inspirational program in the history of American music. It began in 1925, and has provided the nation with 75 years of broadcasting. The program has nationwide reach and has sparked the sale of millions of re...

Malcolm X Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Malcolm X - Essay Example Malcolm writes: "My two other images of my father are two outside the home: he never pastured in any regular church of his own" (p. 7). Similar to his father, Malcolm created his own religion based on century-old traditions and values, morals and ideals. Malcolm's sister, Ella Collins, explained that Malcolm X was present at chapter meetings almost from birth. Political ideas and rebellious issues expressed in the meetings, formed personality of Malcolm and his life perception. Also, Malcolm admits that: "the image of him [father] that made me proudest was his crusading and militant campaigning with the words of Marcus Garvey (p. 8). Further, Malcolm became a militant leaders fighting for pride and self-determination of black people. Malcolm's childhood was filled with the emerging urban culture of Black America. Malcolm's rooting in the U.S. working class was incomplete. Riding the rails as a porter and later established in Harlem, the cultural capital of the Black world, Malcolm X developed a deep, if only partly conscious, sense of the peoplehood of the African American. Malcolm admits that: "it was only me that he sometimes tool with him to the Garvey UNIA meetings which he held quietly in different people's homes" (p. 8). Similar to his father, Malcolm supposed that no Black man at this time could be easily and unequivocally rooted in the working class. Malcolm's family and father was unusual in that it made the transition from the southern rural countryside to the northern urban city intact and started out as the nuclear family of the American Dream. During these years, Malcolm's father played both in the family and in the UNIA a strong leadership role. The "New Negro" concept embodied a new view of the role of Blacks in social change. It represented a further development of themes first seen in the Negro movement at the turn of the century. Malcolm's father was following a model of Black liberation popularized at this time. All these features have a great influence on Malcolm and his life aspirations. His father supposed that: "freedom, independence and self-respect could never be achieved by Negro in America" (p. 4). Further, Malcolm opposed this view fighting for racial equality and identity politics. To some extent, the full power of Malcolm's intellect was held in check due to the magnetism of his father's personality and the very special and personal role that he played in Malcolm's life. Political figure of his father had immense power and prestige, and obviously one that Malcolm X did not subject to his otherwise methodical scrutiny. It is possible to say that Malcolm used Black national ideas of his father and transform them into a separate national movement, but later expelled that nationalism from the NOI to protect its theology from internal criticism and to deflect an activist thrust which would lead to repression. For Malcolm, he embodied wisdom represented as a keeper of Negro's traditions and values. "I reflected many, many times to myself upon how the American Negro has been entirely brainwashed from ever seeing or thinking of himself, as he should, as a part of the nonwhite peoples of the world" (p. 56). These ideas helped Malcolm to create a framework for the reformulation of Black nationalism in a more internationalist and revolutionary manner and thus facilitated the linking of the Civil Rights movement with the

Personal statement to apply to universities Essay

Personal statement to apply to universities - Essay Example I remember my father bringing home our first computer when I was just eight years old. I was simply fascinated with the machine. My father helped me learn how to use the computer to play games and listen to music. Since that time, I have loved the computer and my desire to know more about the different operating systems and how they work has strengthened. At King Saud University, I was fortunate enough to study database management, networking, assembly, and architecture. The knowledge that was offered through database management empowered me to track pertinent information about people, clients, potential donors, as well as current donors and volunteers in an organizational system. I participated in a project for a library so that the library staff could use the database to search for clients by their last name and by the book number. Also, a user could search for books at another library. It was such a successful project that the university considered implementing it at the university’s own library. In addition, managing knowledge through a database is a crucial element in being successful in one’s career. I am now in a position to productively use information from diverse sources without having to encounter obstacles. If I do meet an obstacle I have the ability to resolve the problems that I may encounter effectively. I worked on a team project called Network that allowed employees at a company to build connections with one another, enabling them to send messages and attachments over the network. On the day of the project presentation, one of the computers failed to respond to commands and all we could see was a blank blue screen. The whole group panicked but I stayed calm and quietly tried my best to fix the computer. It started working after a while and the project was a great success. I possess the ability to achieve as well as sustain success in an organizational setup. Thanks to the concepts and insights I have gained

Critiquing a piece of paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Critiquing a piece of paper - Essay Example s the authors indicated the aim of the discourse as â€Å"to discuss the ethical issues highlighted by the case (where a patient had longstanding medical issues which led to her four months’ stay at the ICU and reportedly dependent on ventilator support, haemodialysis and total parenteral nutrition) and to provide a course of action for the patient that suitably addresses these issues† (DeMaio and Clendenen par. 2). In doing so, the authors established evaluating ethical issues, as well as end of life principles of care. To support the line of argument, it is commendable for the authors to have used simple and concise words and language that could be easily comprehended by readers of diverse educational backgrounds. The structure of the discourse was also effective in enhancing the readers’ understanding of the arguments through subdividing the article in sub-headings, such as the definitions of core principles in medical ethics; current guidelines for the transition to end-of-life care; and the ethical issues facing patients who manifest symptoms and in the situations provided within the guidelines. To evaluate the authors’ choices of secondary sources of information to support their contentions, one could deduce that from the 29 references, only 10 references were sourced from 1990 to 2000 (which could be considered outdated) and the rest, 19 was sourced from 2001 to 2010, where 15 or 79% were fairly recent (from 2006 to 2010). Of those sourced from references beyond 10 years ago, majority were guidelines from the American Medical Association which could be deemed applicable until contemporary times, unless otherwise revised. There is therefore enough credible evidence to support and prove the contentions in the identified case through expounding on patient’s autonomy, a patient’s quality of life, and medical futility. The discussion on the role of decision-makers in cases of surrogates and any conflicting interests regarding transitions to palliative

Management by exception Essay Example for Free

Management by exception Essay With the release of the new budget for year 9 from Competition Bikes, there are a couple of areas that are a concern that warrant being addressed. The first being the prediction of amount of bikes to be sold; Competition Bikes is expecting 3,510 units to be sold after a year 8 that sold only 3,400 units which was a 15% drop in sales from the year prior (which sold approximately 4,000 units) with zero drop in price point which may make it harder for customers to justify purchasing a bike in the current economy. Understandably, year 8 was in the middle of a recession and the economy could rebound for a productive year 9. However, with only an extra $984 being spent on advertisement, the expectations could fall short unless advertisement spending is increased to approximately the $2,000 range it was in year 7. Competition Bikes is putting themselves at risk for over ordering raw materials and a surplus of raw materials only takes up more storage space, which leads to extra money being spent for storage. There is also an issue with General and Administration Expenses. General and Admin expenses is the same amount as it was in year 8 ($170,000). However, in year 7, Competition Bikes spent $12,000 less and sold 600 more units then it did in year 8. Year 7 was proof that Competition Bikes has the ability to produce and sell a successful amount of bikes without having an extremely high operational cost. That extra $12,000 could be spread into other aspects such as: advertising, factory maintenance and even bonuses. 2. A flexible budget is a budget that adjusts or flexes for changes in the volume of activity† (Averkamp, 2013). A flexible budget is more useful than a static budget because it is based on actual output. The difference between an actual output and a budgeted amount is known as a variance. When the amount of the actual result is higher than budgeted, it is considered favorable, whereas when the budgeted amount turns out higher is unfavorable. Within the Competition Bikes flexible budget there are a few favorable variances, the first one of note being within Net Sales. The company had a budget of $5,247,250, with the flexible budget being $5,117,385, however the  final numbers were $5,096,847, which gives the company an unfavorable variance of -$130,065. Total Variable Cost however was a favorable expense. With a planned budget of $3,967,962 and a flexible budget of $3,869,612 the actual output was $3,805,400 the favorable variance came out to $98,349. Contribution margin was also an unfavorable variance (-$31,716). Advertising Expenses went over cost for an unfavorable variance of $3,754 from a standard budget of $28,412 and a flexible budget of $27,708. The extra money spent towards advertising may have been to help boost extra sales towards the end of the year. Transportation Out also went over its budget for an unfavorable variance by $5,607. However, there is more to the Transportation Out than what the budget says. The price of shipment is supposed to be $30 per unit and with 87 less units sold; there should be an extra $2,610 in the budget. This requires extra investigation. 2A. In terms of corrective action, the best course is to focus on where the points where there were unfavorable variances. A key point to that would be to also create realistic predictions of sales and budget. By predicting a high sales goal (one that exceeds the amount of units sold the year prior), Competition Bikes is potentially setting itself up for another down year. To prevent another unfavorable variance in Net Sales, which was affected by the unfavorable Actual Output of Units Sold. Although the projection output was missed by only 87 units, that totaled out to $130,065. It would behoove Competition Bikes to create realistic predictions (as stated above). Another idea would to be to examine the sales process. Compare and contrast what strategies were compared between the successful year 7 and the down year 8 to determine if any changes took place in the sales process and development. Competition Bikes should not have been as aggressive as they were following a down year. An improved variance here could also directly affect the Contribution Margin and Operating Income, which both were unfavorable. Advertising Expenses should be increased to the level of year 7. Competition Bikes lowered their budget for advertising but yet ended up spending more  anyway. With the economy still in a rut, the chances of hitting a high prediction is slim, especially with low advertising. Since fewer sponsors are using the products from Competition Bikes, it would be wise to advertise to a different market of users (i.e. college students, those who live in traffic congested cities (New York), bike cops, etc). Meanwhile, the transportation unfavorable variance could be fixed by determining what the additional costs were. Since the transportation cost per units is $30, with sales prediction 87 less than projected, that is $2,610 that could have put transportation costs into favorable. The additional costs could be because of rising fuel prices, toll roads, raises for drivers, etc. Many avenues have to be explored in the future to save money on transportation (renegotiate contracts, new source of transportation, new transportation company, etc.) 2B. â€Å"Management by exception is the practice of examining the financial and operational results of a business, and only bringing issues to the attention of management if results represent substantial differences from the budgeted or expected amount† (Steven Bragg, 2014). This practice can be effective as it leaves upper management with more serious issues. By utilizing accurate and up-to-date information, management can keep the budget on track and consistent with what was forecasted. One main target for Management By Exception is net sales. Breaking down the yearly goals into weekly or monthly targets will allow the company to better breakdown the trends and identify areas of need and growth. By monitoring the trend of sales, management can initiate discussions on how to improve sales and how to keep up with demand if sales are higher than expected. Competition Bikes would be wise to make start/restart contract negotiations to maintain consistent material and labor costs. Spending variance on materials was favorable but labor was unfavorable. If the price of the materials or labor increase substantially overtime, the budget could become more expensive, costing the company more money. Works Cited Averkamp, Harold. What is a flexible budget?. Learn Accounting Online for Free. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Feb. 2014. . Bragg, Steven. What is management by exception? Questions Answers AccountingTools. What is management by exception? Questions Answers AccountingTools. N.p., 5 June 2013. Web. 28 Feb. 2014. .

Drug Resistance Rising Among Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Cases Essay

Drug Resistance Rising Among Mycobacterium tuberculosis Cases Abstract Drug resistance has been increasing among patients infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Previous miracle drugs that were used in the 1950s have now been proven useless in many cases simply because the bacteria are not susceptible to antibiotics such as isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, etc. when they are taken. This pathogen is easily transmitted through air and has the capability of attacking the respiratory system and creating fatal consequences if not treated properly. A lot of people who contribute to the antibiotic resistant statistics are those that do not take medication accordingly. Even though the bacterium may not be resistant at first, it can eventually become resistant when it exchanges genes with already resistant bacterium. This paper will focus on specific antibiotics and their abilities to fight drug resistance. Mycobacterium tuberculosis was once phenomenally cured by simple antibiotics such as isoniazid, rifampin, streptomycin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol, but recently, this pathogen has become antibiotic resistant to once useful drugs (Davies, 1999). Antibiotic resistance occurs when microorganisms become immune to specific drugs that are prescribed by doctors to kill other microorganisms. Usually, bacteria can be eradicated because they are single celled organisms but when drugs become defiant, they do not function properly. When antibiotics are taken, they enter the bloodstream and interfere with all microbes in the body while also altering body functions (Bren FDA, 2003). Sometimes antibiotics may not necessarily target its â€Å"wanted† target but instead, they attack both harmful and benign bacteria. When the bacteria that are sus... ...inistration. 7-27-05: http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/2002/402_bugs.html Davies, P. (1999, March). Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis. Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis. 7-27-05: http://www.priory.com/cmol/TBMultid.htm Kimball, J. (2003, August). Genetic Recombination in Bacteria. Genetic Recombination in Bacteria. 7-27-05: http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/A/Avery.html Padilla, M. (2005). Tuberculosis. Encarta. 7-27-05: http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761576449/Tuberculosis.html Somoskovi, A. (2001, April). The Molecular Basis of Resistance to Isoniazid, Rifampin, and Pyrazinamide in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Respiratory Research. 7-27-05: http://respiratory-research.com/content/2/3/164 (2005). Pathology of TB. The Internet Pathology Laboratory for Medical Education. 7-27-05: http://www-medlib.med.utah.edu/WebPath/TUTORIAL/MTB/MTB.html

Nursing Management

Contents GLOSSARY ABSTRACT/SUMMARY INTRODUCTION DM 45 DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT STYLE 1. Self- assessment analysis 2. Stakeholders analysis 3. S. W. O. T analysis DM 46 RECRUITMENT AND SELECTION DM 47 MANAGING PERFORMANCE DM 48 DEVELOPING TEAMS & INDIVIDUALS RECOMMENDATION REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX Glossary D. O. H – Department Of Health N. H. S – National Health Service N. S. F – National Service Framework P. E. S. T. O – Political Economical Social Technological Others 7 S – Shared Values Strategy Structure System Staff Style Skill S. M. A. R. T – Specific Measurable Achievable RealisticTime-bound S. W. O. T – Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats Abstract/Summary I am currently working as a Charge Nurse/ Deputy Ward Manager on Ward X , a Diabetic and Renal ward based at a North London Hospital. The ward contains 21 acute medical male beds and a team of 28 staffs which includes 6 student nurses, 2 domestics, 1 ward clerk, 7 h ealth care assistants, 6 junior nurses, 4 senior nurses and 2 ward sister/charge nurse. Some of my main responsibilities on the ward includes the assessment of care needs for patients, the development of programmes of care and their implementation and valuation and most importantly carrying out all relevant forms of care without direct supervision, and demonstrate procedures to, and supervise qualified and unqualified staff and contribute to the overall good of the organisation by being a positive role model and treating all staff, visitors and service users with courtesy (Appendix 1). In this assignment I will demonstrate the use of knowledge, management concepts and theories that I have acquired while undertaking this module of Managing People and relate them to my clinical area.Certain area of practice will be identified, analysed and evaluated through effective people management using the CLINLAP model (Jumaa (1997) ), ( Jumaa & Alleyne (2001) ) within the ward setting. ‘C LINLAP is defined as a strategic nursing leadership and learning process that positions strategic learning as a driving force within health and social care organisations, on a day to day basis, in the management of nursing goals; nursing roles; nursing processes; and nursing relationships’ (Jumaa & Alleyne, 1997 & 2001)Introduction The National service frameworks (NSFs) are long term strategies for improving specific areas of care. They set measurable goals within set time frames. NSFs: †¢ set national standards and identify key interventions for a defined service or care group †¢ put in place strategies to support implementation †¢ establish ways to ensure progress within an agreed time scale †¢ form one of a range of measures to raise quality and decrease variations in service, introduced in The New NHS and A First Class Service.The NHS Plan re-emphasised the role of NSFs as drivers in delivering the Modernisation Agenda. Each NSF is developed with the a ssistance of an External Reference Group (ERG) which brings together health professionals, service users and carers, health service managers, partner agencies, and other advocates. ERGs adopt an inclusive process to engage the full range of views. The Department of Health supports the ERGs and manages the overall process. (DOH, (2005) )The NSF makes it clear that the NHS is committed to building a modernisation programme to provide high quality patient care and improving the working lives of all NHS staff. In terms of patient care, it draws the attention to the need to look at each service from the patient’s point of view and to ensure that a patient focus is embedded in the culture. In order to achieve this, new and better ways of working are required through, for example: – Investing in the workforce in terms of more staff and better training Giving frontline staff responsibility, freedom, skills and resources to do a better job, using their initiative for local inno vation within national standards – Reducing bureaucracy whilst increasing accountability so that there are clear and transplant process for holding the NHS to account for their delivery of services – Requiring staff to work effectively in teams, for example, through managed clinical networks – Working in partnership with staff and involving them through representationNHS is critically dependent on its employees for delivering the strategic and operational goals at corporate, departmental, functional and team levels and managing people efficiently and effectively has become a central part of the ward manager/sister/charge nurse’s task at all levels particularly with a view to improving the performance of employees and thereby the performance of the NHS in delivering services. Ward managers increasingly are being expected to take great responsibility or the personnel management aspects of their work. This implies that we are able to function effectively in 4 key aspects of managing people : – Developing our own management style – Employee recruitment and selection – Managing performance by motivating and developing staffs – Developing Teams and Individuals by improving staffs performance at both individual and team levels. Dm 45 Developing Management Style In this unit I will identify 3 ways of assessing my current skills and competence as a manager.These methods will allow me to discern clearly my strenghs and weaknesses and thereby identify areas on the ward in which improvements can be made and devise action plans which will then be monitored for progress. The 3 methods chosen will be, firstly self-assessment and analysis through appraisal, secondly the stakeholder analysis tool and thirdly the SWOT analysis tool. Self- assessment analysis Self-assessment steps :- 1. Arrange a meeting with Ward Manager to agree on an appraisal date. 2. Ward Manager distributes pre-appraisal meeting self-assessment form. Appendix 2) 3. Work through the pre-appraisal form making notes and identifying potential areas for improvement. (Appendix 2) 4. Meeting with Ward Manager on agreed appraisal date. Work through the Personal Development Plan form (Appendix 3) to reach agreement on the current performance and potential areas for improvement 5. Following the meeting the Ward Manager distributes completed Personal Development Plan and list of potential areas for improvement 6. Ward Manager agrees and complete draft action plan to forward to Matron 7.Matron follows up and verifies the Personal Development Plan. (Appendix 3) 8. Action plan agreed with matron. Ensure that all points on the action plan meet the SMART (Jumaa & Alleyne, (1998))criteria: Specific, Measurable, Action based, Realistic and Time bound. (Appendix 3) Stakeholders analysis An integral part of the clinical governance review process is feedback from stakeholders. The Hospital’s definition of stakeholders includes staff, patients , relatives of patients, carers, other local NHS organisations, voluntary groups and other people with an interest in the trust.The information provided through stakeholder work helps shape some of the areas that the clinical governance review will concentrate on. Clinical Governance is a framework through which NHS organisations are accountable for continuously improving the quality of their services and safeguarding high standards of care by creating an environment in which excellence in clinical care will flourish. It aims to create not only a culture, but systems and ways of working which assure that the safety and the quality of care is at the heart of the business at every level. Appendix 1, Unit 5) As a Deputy ward manager it is important for me to take into account feedback from stakeholders for effective managerial performance and to provide high standards of care. In order to do so the table that I have produced below will help me to identify the role of individuals, or st akeholder groups who are involved or affected by the clinical governance programme and can thereby affect its success or failure. Stakeholder analysis chart | |Programme |Organisation |External | | | | | | | | | |Clinical Governance |Hospital |Diabetes UK , Patients | | | | |Staffs, Patients |Relatives, carers, PCTs| |Who wants the team to: |Succeed | |Yes |Yes | | |Fail | |No |No | |Who is betting on the |Succeeding | |Yes |Yes | |team: | | | | | | |Failing | |No |No | |Who is supporting the |Visibly | |Yes |No | |team: | | | | | | |Invisibly | |No |Yes | |Whose success: |Affects the team | |Yes |No | | |Does the team affect | |Yes |Yes | |Who does the team’s |Benefit | |Yes |No | |change: | | | | | | |Damage | |Yes |No | |Who can the team’s |Happen without | |No |Yes | |change: | | | | | | |Not happen without | |Yes |Yes |In the above table it can be noted that the group of stakeholder who are mostly involved and influence a programme are mainly the patients and the staffs. As part of my objectives I will in future concentrate on feed back from my staff on the ward and our group of patients. This can be achieve by organising ward meetings with staffs or actually having a one-to-one interview with them at least once in a month. As for feedback from patients this can be organised by their allocated staff nurse in the form of an informal one-to-one interview at some point prior to the patient being discharged home. SWOT analysis A SWOT analysis is a tool, used in management and strategy formulation. It can help to identify the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats of an organisation.Strengths and weaknesses are internal factors that create or destroy value. They can include assets, skills or resources that the ward has at its disposal to provide care to patients. They can be measured using an internal assessment tool such as Peters & Waterman’s 7S’s. The table below will help me assess the internal factors of the ward and identify my goals and make them SMART (Jumaa & Alleyne (2001)) This will help me to identify areas for development. Shared Values Current: The ward believes in team working providing quality care Goal: To support staffs and encourage them to carry on working as a team Provide them with feedback from patient on quality of care on the ward. StrategyCurrent: The ward believes in staffs further development and clinical skills. Goal: To send every qualified staff on in–house study days to develop their clinical skills Structure Current: Staffs does not communicate clearly between each other to promote continuity of Care. Goal: To meet up with staffs on a one-to-one basis or ward meeting and discuss appropriate communication. System Current: Staff appraisals only being carried out once in a year Goal: To discuss with manager if appraisals can be done every 6 months Staff Current: The trust is introducing Senior Health Care Assistant posts.Goal: Identify if any of the present Health Care Assistants on the ward are suitable candidates for the post by appropriate supervision. Style Current : The ward has a team with multicultural staffs Goal: Encourage staffs to respect each others cuture and thereby work more efficiently. Skill Current: The ward has staffs with different skill mix. Goal: Give positive feedback on their skills and encourage them to share their knowledge and attend study days to expand them. Opportunities and threats are external factors that create or destroy value. Usually an organisation cannot control them and they emerge from Political, Economical, Social, Technological and Others.The assessment below using PESTO will help me to identify the goals set up by external factors and which needs to be included on the ward to meet expectations and thereby identify areas for my own professional development. Political Current: The NHS Plan outlines a new delivery system for the NHS and changes for social services, and changes for NHS staff groups. It also sets out plans for cutting waiting times, clinical priorities and reducing inequality. Goal: Have regular ward meetings to discuss with team how to incorporate changes on the ward. Economical Current: The NHS budget has doubled since 1997, and will have almost trebled by 2008.All NHS organisations including my ward are receiving above inflation funding increases, both this year and next. Goal: Meet up with team and prioritise our expenses so we can work within our budget Sociological Current: The Hospital accommodate patients from different ethical background and beliefs. Goal: Ensure that the trust can meet certain requirements for its ethnic minority group. For example providing them with special diet like halal meal in the case of muslim patients. Technological Current: The trust is currently using advance computer system to handle patients’ data. Goal: Ensure that members of the staffs who are not computer literate attend IT course for quicker access to patient†™s data. OtherCurrent: The Hospital has performed well in maintaining and encouraging ‘The clean our hands campain’ and reducing the risk of cross infection Goal: Encourage the team by giving them positive feedback and reinforce infection control policy. DM 46 Recruitment and Selection Once a trust has decided on its goals, it is essential that it identifies whether it has the people necessary to achieve them. Trusts need to develop ways of assessing the number of employees that they need to provide specific services. The implications of the recent policy changes in the NHS are that there will be further major changes in the numbers and deployment of employees across trusts. DOH, (2005)) As a Deputy Ward Manager part of my responsibilities is also to have a clear view of the number of staffs that we have on the ward and the number that we need to deliver the trust’s objectives. Currently on my ward we have vacancies for 2 permanent Senior Staff nurses post prev iously known as grade E. The new post which is now named Band 5b according to the agenda for change has been created by the trust due to our increase in bed turnover and high demand of standards of care. Before the posts were advertised I had a meeting with my Ward Manager and Matron so we can focus on the basic stages of recruitment which are: 1. Agree the vacancy 2. Prepare a job description 3. Prepare a person specification 4. Attract applicants through good advertisement(Appendix 4a) 5. Selection 6. InductionIt is important for us team leaders to use vacancies as an opportunity for re-assessing people’s needs and the organisation’s structure so objectives can be achieved. Therefore an agreement between team leaders is important to reach our goals. – After the agreement me and my ward manager we devised the job description and person specification taking into account an analysis of the following criterias (Kneeland, (1999)) : – the present or expected duties of the job – changes which might impact on the job in the future – existing duties which might be done more effectively or efficiently by some one else – new duties that could be added to the job While preparing the job description my manager and I focused on 5 important aspects which were: Accuracy in order not to understate or overstate the role and duties associated with the post. (Appendix 4b, Section A) – Clarity in terms of tasks, duties, roles and responsibilities(Appendix 4, Section B) – Up-to-date (Appendix 4b, Section A, E) – Flexibility (Appendix 4b, Section A, B) – Non-discriminatory particularly in terms of gender,marital status or ethinic background The use of person specifications have a different purpose and it actually aims to identify the qualifications, skills, experience and abilities which are seen as essential or desirable in the post-holder and is used primarily to assist those involved in the selection p rocess. (Appendix 5)After the posts were advertised and the applications received me and my ward manager short-listed 8 candidates out of 23 applications. This was undertaken by eliminating those who did not meet the pre-agreed essential requirements as set out in the person specification. (Appendix 5). For example some candidates did not have the knowledge of the KSF of Diabetes which is an essential requirement for the post as we specialise in this area or did not have a minimum of 12 months experience as a qualified staff nurse. We made sure that the necessary information about the selection process were recorded and appropriate feedback given to unsuccessfull candidates about their performance at the interview.Once the 2 candidates out of the 8 were successfull and appointed, it was important for me to plan induction and development for them. Given the investment made in new employees it is important that they should receive an appropriate induction so they can bring maximum con tribution to the trust. At the Whittington Hospital, the trust induction covers areas such as the trust objectives so that the employee understands what they are trying to achieve, personal objectives so that the staff understands what is expected from them and relevant immediate training so that the person can properly undertake their job. Though it is a policy for every new employees to attend the trust nduction, I would personally recommend that all new starters on my ward should have a mentor to supervise them for at least the first 2 weeks of employment or even suggest an informal visit to the ward prior to interview so that candidates feel that the working environment is appropriate for their futur development. DM 47 Managing Performance Performance management encompasses a range of standard management techniques and is not necessarily a formal system and is not necessarily the same as an appraisal system. (Templar, (2001)). On my ward, performance management systems is a comm on benefit which enable my staffs to see more clearly their role on the ward and the trust’s objectives. The key elements of managing my group of staffs involve setting objectives for the ward, assessing their development needs, making it happen, review it and doing better. Staffs on the ward need to know what is expected of them. Setting objectives which are S. M. A. R.T for action means that they can be sure what they should deliver, when and how. (Appendix 6). Discussion about individual objectives will also enable my staffs to understand why they should do the things that they have to do and how they fit into and contribute to the wider goals and aims of the trust. It is important to assess the training and development needs of my staffs to improve their ability to reach the standards of performance expected of them in their jobs. This process should result in planned actions to meet individual needs, and will, where appropriate. (Appendix 6). In order to make the assessm ent happened, communication between me and my staffs should be improved.Many tangible and intangible factors contribute to an effective working environment. As a deputy manager it is important for me to focus on the creation of a shared understanding and sense of purpose in my workplace, in particular, communication,culture and climate. Good communication is essential for effective performance management. For example on my ward internal communication such as team briefings, staff meeting, noticeboards and emails enables me and my ward manager to ensure that all our staffs are clear about the ward’s goals and that messages are given and received to and from staffs. This include aims and objectives as well training and development opportunities.People’s performance is affected by their working environment. Morale,motivation, frustration, enthusiasm and commitment all influence the performance that the trust can achieve, so understanding what is important to staffs and li stening to and acting on their views is an essential part of organising effectively. (Templar, (2001)). Having set objectives for individual staffs it is essential that performance and progress are regularly reviewed with individuals so that staffs feel recognised for their achievement and can identify areas where performance can improve. Reviews are necessary to improve individual and organisational performance but at the same time identify poor performance.The scenario below will demonstrate a situation where one of my junior staff nurse was constantly showing poor performance on the ward and the action taken against her. Scenario: Miss X, a junior staff nurse on the ward has been persistently coming late to work and is very slow in carrying out her daily tasks. Several members of Senior staff nurses have been reporting to me that standard of care for the group of patient she was looking after, has been deteriorating. I had a formal meeting on a one-to-one basis with Miss X where her poor performance issues were raised and an action plan was devised. It was discussed that she will be on a 3 months probation and will be supervised at all times by a senior member of staff and feedback will be given to me if her performance was improving.A copy of her job description and a self-assessment form was provided to her so she can set her personal objectives and discuss it with my manager or myself. The disciplinary and grievance process of the trust states that no disciplinary action will be taken against an employee until the case has been fully investigated. However, it should be recognised that there may be occasions when a full investigation is impossible e. g imprisonment. For example individuals will be informed of specific complaints against them in writing and will be given the opportunity to state their case directly to those who are considering disciplinary action before any decisions are made.Individuals and their Trade Union representative will be given a written explanation of any penalty imposed and its duration and in the case of written warnings , will have the right to appeal against this penalty. Usually no employee will normally be dismissed for a first breach of discipline except in cases of gross misconduct where summary dismissal without notice or pay in lieu of notice will be appropriate sanction. It, should, however, be recognised that there will be occasions, not covered by gross misconduct, when it will be necessary, because of the seriousness of the offence, for disciplinary action to begin at any stage of the procedure up to and including dismissal with notice for a first offence. (The Hospital disciplinary and grievance policy, (2006) )In the case of a first offence or disciplinary measures my role will be to discuss it first with my line manager as they are the one who are allowed to issue oral warning, dismissals and discuss the circumstances with Human Resources. DM 48 Developing Teams & individuals To get the be st from employees, managers need to know who will be doing what, where the strengths and weaknesses of staffs are and which skills need to be developed by their teams. Properly set, achievable objectives that make clear what is expected, by when and to what standard, benefit both staffs and managers by clarifying roles and responsibilities, and assist in delivering value for money in the use of people resources.Setting performance objectives with staffs will also enable us managers to assess how our team can be best be used productively and identify any areas where staffs are producing different results and output. This can be useful in benchmarking performance and identifying individual, team and departmental areas for improved productivity. (Templar, (2001)) When performance objectives and standards are set for a team, it is necessary to assess whether the team has the skills to meet the standards being set and to agree how skills will be developed if they do not already exist. Th is is particularly important when ways of working are being changed.The Developmental plan below which has been devised with a team member and also reflect the team’s objectives as a whole, demonstrate the organisational and individual needs that can be met in many ways: Development Plan Individual/Team |Work shadowing |Get full support from Senior members of the team and provide | | |feedback. | |Special Projects |Encourage staffs to actively get involve with hospital projects such| | |as campaings. |Planned self-development |Meet at least every 6 months for appraisal and plan self | | |-development | |Mentoring |Offer support to newly qualified staff in the form of | | |mentorship/preceptorship for the first 2 weeks of joining the team | |Coaching and guidance |Provide staffs with support and guidance whenever and wherever | | |required. |Study for professional qualifications |Encourage staff to go for further studies for example encourage | | |Diploma holder to complete th eir Degree or send people for | | |specialist course such as the Diabetic Course. | |Planned delegation |Ensure that Senior staff nurses take responsibility in delegating | | |tasks to junior staffs, H. C. As and student nurses | |On-the-job training |Encourage staffs to attend in-house clinical skills study days. |New responsibilites |Allocate new rsponsibilities to members of the team. For example | | |making each member of the staff responsible for certain part of the | | |ward like for instance in charge of the treatment room’s general | | |tidiness. | |Off –the- job training |Negociate with staffs if there is any external training they want to| | |attend and provide them with leave or day off. |Job rotation/secondment |Senior staff nurses to act as team leader in the absence of myself | | |or the ward manager. | |Membership of professional societies |Encourage staffs to join professional bodies like the Royal College | | |of Nursing and UNISON | In the above table it can be noted that the individual development needs add up to the team development needs and trust-wide development needs.Individual managers must have a view of the team needs across the trust so that common needs can be met in the most cost-effective way and competing needs can be prioritised. Recommendations Staff development should be linked to the achievement of the trust’s goals and targets. If a key priority for the trust is to improve patient care, development plans at individual, team, departmental and corporate level should reflect that goal by focusing on enhancing the skills of staffs to deliver the required levels of patient care. Staffs will know which aspects of their work need support and development and are well placed to identify training and development needs to help them perform better in their jobs ReferencesDepartment of Health (2005), ‘The New NHS plan’ London D. O. H Jumaa, M. O & Alleyne, J. (2001), ‘Managing and Leading in a con stanly changing contexts in Health and Social Care’ Middlesex University Kneeland, S. (1999), ‘Recruiting for Results’ How To Books Ltd Templar, R. (2001), ‘Fast Thinking : Appraisal’ Pearson Education Ltd The Hospital (2006)‘Disciplinary and Grievance policy’ The Whittington Hospital Bibliography Belbin, R. M. (1996). ‘Managing Teams: Why they succeed or fail. ’ Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Johnson, G. & Scholes, K. (2001). ‘Exploring Corporate Strategy 6th Edition’ Prentice-Hall Martin, V. & Henderson, E. (2001). ‘Managing in Health and Social Care’ Routeledge