Communication Skill

1. Reading Comprehension oReading comprehension is one important communication skill a pharmacy technician must have. They must be able to read and understand prescription information and instructions from doctors to fill patients' prescriptions. Pharmacy technicians need to be able to fill prescriptions with detail and accuracy, as even a slight mistake or misunderstanding can be dangerous to a patient. Prescription drugs are often long and uncommon words, so pharmacy technicians need to read each prescription accurately, and call the doctor's office with any questions or clarification.Give Instruction oOne management and communication skill pharmacy technicians must have is the ability to give instructions. Pharmacy technicians needs to communicate clearly to patients regarding usage and other details of their prescription or over-the-counter medication. Patients must follow their doctor's orders when it comes to how much prescription medication to take, and when — it the ph armacy technician's responsibility to help patients understand those details.Pharmacy technicians also must be able to give instruction and communicate other information to co-workers. o Customer Service oCustomer service skills are another valuable communication aspect of a pharmacy technician's job. Patients often have a number of different options when it comes to pharmacies for prescription fulfillment. Therefore, to retain existing customers and attract new ones, pharmacy technicians need to be friendly, personable and helpful. Providing patients with quality service gives them a reason to keep coming back.Inventory and Maintenance oAnother management skill a pharmacy technician must have is the ability to take accurate inventory and perform maintenance on all equipment and the facility in general. Pharmacy technicians must keep accurate inventory of medication so they know what they have on hand. They must discard expired medication and stock new medication, and record those a ctions. Pharmacy technicians also need to ensure all equipment, such as scales, measuring tools and computers, are working properly. Communication Skill Effective Communication Skills Effective communication skills are the key to your success because there are people everywhere! Our effective communication training  webinars  and  tools  will show you: | Advantages of effective communication| | Effective communication in the workplace| | Effective communication techniques| | Four styles of communication (DISC)| | Conflict resolution strategies| | Communicating Using Email| | Persuasion and sales strategies| | Non verbal communication| |   | Effective Communication Effective communication happens largely at an unconscious level†¦ nd that's why the most effective communicators of all time paid as much attention to  how  they were delivering their message as they did to the exact words that they were using. And that's why it's so easy for email to go horribly wrong. Don't get me wrong†¦ words are critically important to getting your message through loud and clear, but the psychology behind them is more important. And that's why Maximum Advantage is dedicated to combining the latest advances in psychology and linguistics with time tested methods to give you a communication edge that some might consider to be â€Å"unfair† The Communication Process The communication process is a six step cycle, and unfortunately the communication can break down or become confused at any step. Sometimes the message isn't even clear in our own brain, and yet we still expect others to know what we mean! Then the encoding, sending, and decoding phases all provide opportunities for errors and misunderstandings to crop into the process. In the fifth step, the receiver has to filter the message and decide what it means based on their own values, beliefs, filters, and memories. If any of these steps fails, the result is confusion, conflict, and frustration. Effective Communication Video Here's a short video that explains exactly how the effective communication process works. How To Communicate Effectively Cons idering how many opportunities there are for communication to go wrong – it's amazing that it ever goes right! Here are  my  seven rules for effective communication: 1. Take responsibility for the success of your communication. If they're not â€Å"getting it†, it's because you're not giving it in a way they can understand. To learn to communicate in  ways that people instinctively understand, visit  Communication University. . Realize that the unconscious mind is your greatest ally. Here's a demonstration. 3. It's not about you. To communicate effectively, learn to see the world for the other person's perspective. 4. If what you're doing isn't working†¦ do something different. 5. Communication can change reality. That's why advertisers spent $165,000,000,000 last year†¦ and you can have the same impact when you know how. Here's information about persuasion. 6. Every action has a positive intention. You just have to find it. 7. It's better to be succe ssful than right.The world demands results, not excuses. Effective Communication Skills Here is a short list of some of the skills that it takes to be an effective communicator. Think about your own communication style and which skills you are strong in and which ones you could do better. | Listening  for facts and feelings to make sure that you interpreting the message as intended. | | Asking questions effectively to guide listeners to solutions. | | Recognizing and defusing the filters people are using when they communicate. | | Creating rapport to smooth difficult messages and build relationships. | Uncovering the unique values that drive each person and then constructing your message to match their personal system. | | Using  non-verbal cues  to understand what the speaker really means. | | Finding and replacing the cues that cause the â€Å"domino effect† in conflict and confrontation. | | Breaking unempowering belief cycles without directly attacking a belief. | | Overcoming objections by agreeing. | | Building and using stories to make a point without anyone realizing it. | | Replacing destructive patterns such as anger  with empowering patterns that get better results. | | Reading the secrets hidden in every email message. |

Bilingual Education Essay

Multiculturalism as well as bilingual education approaches among schools is most likely affecting major educational institutions in the United States today. This is primarily because of the fact that the growing effect of globalization around the world influences major sectors of the world especially that of the educational field. As for a fact, surveys pertain to the fact that there are major numbers of students among American schools that come from minor races who are trying to attain education from the said country. As a result, most schools, both elementary and high school cater to at least 55% of the minor race population compared to the number of students who are among the natives of the country. This statistical fact certainly races a challenging situation to the educators of the said scholastic institutions. This challenge actually raises a changing effect within the existing system of education that is currently used in the United States. In a survey that has been performed among young students who are directly affected by the situation mentioned above, the results were radically affecting and changing with regards the learning and teaching systems within the American regions. In this particular survey, it could be noted that there are certain considerations to take notice of to be able to meet the needs of the new students who are under the multicultural educational system. The results of the said survey as well as how they particularly affect the educational approach in teaching and learning within the American territories shall be discussed within the paragraphs that follow. The Survey Results Children who were studying in the first grade in Beverly Martin Elementary School in Ithaca, New York, responded to the survey based from what they actually wanted to receive from their educators as young learners belonging to a culturally diverse environment of educational divisions. Based from their response, it could be noted that there are tat least three major requirements among educators that are primarily expected from them by their students. The said expectations include: (a) Being personally involved with the students’ procedures of learning- Educators are expected to have constant assessment of how their students are so far developing in their studies. This especially concerns those who are having a hard time in coping up with the different pressures brought about by bilingual education. These students are most likely from different countries that are using other mother languages aside from English. This means that the students are then supposed to gain ample time form their educators to be able to have a clear understanding of the major procedures that they need to deal with in understanding modern approaches in learning lessons through bilingual education. (b) Being constantly recognized for excellent response to the teaching procedures used towards them by the teachers- acknowledgement of good works usually motivates young learners to do more in school. Most often than not, to at least assist the students realize that they are doing something that is worthwhile for their own personal development. This is especially because of the fact that there are students who are loosing confidence in their studies because of the fact that they are having a hard time adjusting to the language being used in class. Thus, if this is given consideration by the educators, it is possible that the students who are acknowledged for their fine works would gain much confidence as to how they are going to deal with the challenges that they are to meet in their studies. (c) Giving lessons through modern procedures that are much better that the usual- traditional teaching that is used in the regular educational presentations within the schools may not be as effective in this process of learning. Assisting students of this particular set up of learning may not be as easy as it seems. The educators are then required to adapt to the advancements that are noted as major meeting point of the different students from different countries around the world. These three major expectations draw the line of the fact that the students actually need their teachers to treat them fairly in schools even though they are obviously belonging from different races around the world. It could be observed that the ideal teaching that these young learners expect is based on personal concern of their teachers focused upon the learning progress that they are particularly dealing with in school. Of course, dealing with children from other races may not be that easy for the said early learners of the actual scene that is eminent in the human society today. However, through the assistance of their teachers in school, even children as young as first graders would be able to understand the ideal way of dealing with people from other races through the pattern of teaching and treatment that they first observe from their educators. It should always be considered that young children are very observant. It could not be denied that through the acts that the older people portray which they particularly observe everyday, they begin to gain the most important parts of learning that they need to face in life. For this particular reason, teachers who are challenged in dealing with multicultural education patterns should realize that young children have the need of being personally cared for. The psychological impact of the idea that people around them are concerned on how they are growing actually motivates children to do good in school and later on do better with their lives. From this particular survey, it has been noted by the educators that bilingual education has so far began to become the trend of the current educational systems in America. As it has been taken from the results of the performed survey among children in a particular school as noted herein, there are three particular major procedures that need consideration upon implying the different effective approaches in assisting students understand the concept of bilingual education. The said procedures include: (a) Peer facilitated Peer facilitated activities are most likely designed to assist students understand the fact that they have people or young learners who are dealing with the same situation as they are. This then shall allow them the space of enduring with the language problems that they are dealing with in school giving them the chance to become adjusted to the difficulties of their learning procedures. (b) Group System Linking Between Students Learning in groups has been proven effective especially for those young learners. Being able to facilitate camaraderie among themselves makes it easier for them to grasp the lessons that they are learning even though they all belong from different countries and are presently faced with the struggles of learning their lessons in a bilingual set up. (c) Hands-on training procedures for the use of language Practical application of the major procedures of using the language in casual talks shall help the students have a practical knowledge about the language[s] that they are expected to use in school. Today’s society is faced with the many technological innovations that particularly bring ease to learning. Both oral and verbal language could now be used in practical terms through online learning approaches. Learning within classroom settings are also being advanced through the implementation of several technologically advanced gadgets for learning processes that serves as the basic ground lining the students together. Conclusion Children from different countries may appear differently in terms of their physical attributes. However, young as they are, they are actually following the same pattern of growth and personality development that should be considered by their school educators. In dealing with children from different cultures, it should then be noted that the need for emphasizing concern for their personal growth and acknowledging their good deeds and excellent educational progress is an essential key to gaining the best results from the learning procedures of the said children. Hence, this particular suggestion leads to a certain conclusion that children, regardless of the color of the skin or the origin of their culture all need the same level of attention and concern when it comes to learning and education. Learning in a bilingual approach is not that easy as it seems for both the educators and the learners. However, with ample effort and determination to succeed in the said particular way of learning, victory could be won over. The benefits of succeeding in this way of learning is not that easy to gain, however, once the benefits are gained, it could not be denied that the efforts placed in by the educators and the learners are all worth while. Reference: Nieto, S. (2004). Affirming Diversity: The Sociopolitical Context of Multicultural and Bilingual Education. Boston: Pearson Education, Inc. 4th Ed.

Biome Shifting

Global warming is a mostly natural process that has been going on for as long as Earth has existed. Global warming has many effects on the Earth such as rise in sea level, overall increased rise in the temperature of Earth, and even bizarre weather. However, the topic I will discuss today is how global warming causes climate changes and how this climate change affects our environment and our economic systems.Climate change occurs worldwide due to the growth of greenhouse gases in our atmosphere which then traps more heat coming from the sun than it would without these gases. This makes the Earth milder which then causes change in climates over the globe to change their patterns. Bimbo shifting is one main consequence of climate change and global warming. This has a broad economic impact as it alters our infrastructure and sources of goods.However, it also poses large amounts of environmental threat as there is becoming less biodiversity and habitats are shifting. This bimbo shifting affects our infrastructure in that many of the buildings we eave built up to today haven't been built to endure such a wide range of temperatures and as these bizarre temperatures continue to shift back and forth our infrastructure is deteriorating much faster than it would in stable weather. Considering this, the maintenance of these building will require much more funding as it will have to be done more often.This could cause economic problems as it could increase the need for higher taxes to do required maintenance on governmental buildings and public schools which reduces the amount of money being able to be circulating through everyday businesses. Bimbo shifting also affects the sources of many of our goods. On Canada's west coast there is a species of salmon that is increasingly economically valuable. However, this species is beginning to have reduced survival rates causing decreased population density and a decrease in the amount of fish being able to be sold as goods.This hi ts the economy as the fish were needed to provide food or work for many people in Canada. The climate change also affects some of the forests worldwide. In Alaska, a spruce beetle population has been able to grow dramatically over 20 years due to warmer weather. This then caused over 4 million acres of spruce trees in Alaska to be destroyed by the increased population of beetles. This shows how the climate change can destroy what could be used a resources in the future.With bimbo shifting causing increased temperatures in places that normally would be cooler, some species are having to slowly shift where they find their habitats. For example the long-spines sea urchin was previously only found as far south as southern New South Wales in Australia, but now, due to increasingly warm waters and changes in currents, these sea urchins have moved farther south. They have decimated kelp forests in this region causing the ecosystem to slowly deteriorate as it becomes more and more unbalance d.Climate change is expected to threaten one quarter or more of all species on land by 2050 passing even habitat loss as the biggest threat to life on land. Bimbo shifting is a huge problem for many species as they have evolved to live within certain areas under certain conditions and as these conditions change quickly, some species are unable to adapt quickly enough to survive. When one species food source can no longer survive, that species then is heartened as it must find another food source or it will not survive either.This then causes less biodiversity as species become threatened and eventually extinct. To address this worldwide problem of bimbo shifting, scientists are trying to decrease the amount of greenhouse gases that enter our ecosystem. They are collecting emissions data and trying to get the government to impose new laws and limits considering consumption of fossil fuels. Scientists are working with engineers to create new engines for cars that reduce the amount of fossil fuels required to power them or even eliminate the need for fossil fuels altogether.Solar panels and wind turbines are also being designed to harness energy from renewable sources instead of burning fossil fuels. The U. S. Has also steered away from using coal and has begun using natural gas to power the nation. This switch has significantly reduced carbon emissions over the past decade. Though many people probably think that the effects of global warming only go as far as environmental changes, there is really a ripple effect created by these changes that branches out and causes more and more problems. Global warming is directly related to environmental, social, political, and even more aspects of the world.All of the consequences prove how we, as people who rely on the Earth to survive, need to take better care of our home.

Greenhouse Gases as the Major Cause of Global Warming Essay

Greenhouse Gases as the Major Cause of Global Warming - Essay Example This is because humans and animals inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide which is emitted into the atmosphere thus increasing the ratio. Only oxygen and nitrogen let the absorbed heat pass. Methane which is one of the GHG’s is a greater cause of global warming even than carbon dioxide because it can hold more heat even though it stays only about 10 years in the atmosphere as compared to a thousand or more of carbon dioxide. Methane is made from agricultural practices e.g. when fertilizer is produced. Over 33% of GHG’s emitted in the USA come from the production of electricity. The sun’s rays hit the earth with big amounts of radiation which reach the earth as light. A gas ability to stay in the air determines its degree of effect to the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is the most effective among the greenhouse gases because it’s the most abundant. It has been proven that it can stay more than a thousand years taking effect in the atmosphere. Researchers have been able to predict what to come as a result of global warming. We are to expect more droughts as well as more of floods. As a result of temperatures getting high, evaporation occurs from the land and the sea (Karl 1719-23). If precipitation does not occur in these places, then drought is anticipated. There are countries and regions that their water supply comes from ice meltdowns from mountains. However, a current research on ice melting has shown that recently, ice is melting faster than it was estimated before. So in these regions, they can experience drought thus having the deficiency for water even for use. The warm weather afterwards causes some an increase in heat waves, rainfall and scary storms. The melting ice flows into seas and large water bodies. These water bodies expand when the contained water is heated thus can cause the nearby localities to be submerged by the water. Nations in the Pacific island are expected to be submerged by the waters by the en d of the century. Human beings can be termed responsible e.g. by deforestation among others are activities that increase the greenhouse effect and can be prevented or controlled by human beings.  Ã‚  

Identify how fundamental marketing techniques have been used to launch Essay - 1

Identify how fundamental marketing techniques have been used to launch a successful product - Essay Example It provides platforms and solutions for the consumer’s accessibility to time-sensitive information through telephone, email, text messaging, Internet, and all intranet-based applications (Frenzel 2004). Marketing is the practice of management that effectively and beneficially recognizes, foresees and satisfies customer requirements (Chartered Institute of Marketing, n.d.) Marketing concept, according to Kotler and associates (2008), is a customer-centered philosophy that productive sales and adequate investment returns are achievable when customer needs are met. It is focused on customer orientation, business-and-customer relationship and customer satisfaction (Kotler, 5) Marketing is an essential element of every commercial business, apart from the product type, environs, target market, or the service provided. With the arrival of modern technology, particularly the internet, innovative business forms have surfaced necessitating an array of marketing techniques to magnetize and maintain customers. Before 2002, BlackBerry was principally a wireless electronic mail solution, mainly targeted on the upper corporate sector. Partly based and highlighted from the old logo of BlackBerry phones, its original brand positioning was to be "the best wireless email solution for business." (‘Our Work: BlackBerry: Connecting a Breakaway Brand with its Users’ 2010). The increase in technology shifts and the impact of BlackBerry branding on the development of the general mobile communication market and its effect on consumer requirements and behaviours, prompted RIM marketing group to implement a repositioning of the BlackBerry brand: A repositioning that is beyond short-lived fashionable technology and email usefulness (‘Our Work: BlackBerry: Connecting a Breakaway Brand with its Users’ 2010). In 2002, the Research in Motion, together with Landor, a top branding expert, redesigned BlackBerry’s

Medea Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Medea - Assignment Example With several instances of conflict the play moves ahead through a number of death, sorrow and finally lead to a tragic end with Jason losing everything (Tigane 7-15). The assignment examines how different characters of the play fail to meet the criteria mentioned in Aristotle’s Golden Mean. Moreover, the assignment even elaborates the character as per Aristotle’s ethics as well as the Golden Mean. The failure of the characters to meet the ethics as specified in Aristotle’s Golden Mean has been effectively discussed in the paper. Aristotle’s theory of Golden Mean elaborates on the basis of origin, measures and development of virtues important for the enhancement of happiness, which is considered to be the ultimate goal of human life. This happiness is desired solely for oneself and has nothing to do with the material pleasures and possessions. The golden mean even elaborates on the fact that many people are of the opinion that the material possessions can bring ultimate happiness. Observably, Aristotle’s ethics are based strongly on theological as well as practical approaches, which define the wellbeing of human as a whole. The continuous acting in accordance to the virtues could be observed as a source of happiness that lasts longer and not just provide short term happiness. The ethics is completely centered on the character of a person as it is the most important element that helps in developing the virtues. This development of the virtues leads to a long lived happiness. Accordingly, it can be justified that ethics helps in developing the human character such that the person will be able to enhance their style of living and draw pleasure and happiness from their life. Moreover, ethics helps to identify the different characteristics that are present in one individual and that helps in developing the happiness throughout the life (Cunningham 5-15). Medea. The character was so blind to take revenge on her husband that she was not

LEADERSHIP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

LEADERSHIP - Essay Example stitutions and hospitals to recruit nurses, who have efficient leadership skills that would be beneficial to provide good quality health care to the patients (The Faculty of Medical Leadership and Management, 2015). Possessing a powerful and effective leadership skill is very essential for the nurses, especially who are in the top most positions. The role of a nurse is to provide care to the patients and provide medicines to the patients as being prescribed by the doctor. Sometimes, in the absence of doctor or registered practitioner, the nurses are required to take decisions regarding the medicines to be provided to the patient in case of emergency. It is very essential for a nurse to be a good decision maker that is an important element of leadership skill, which would help to take important decisions in emergency situations (Cherie & Gebrekidan, 2005). Therefore, a nurse should possess effective leadership skills as well as styles that would help in leading, controlling, organizin g and planning their activities, which would serve beneficial in delivering effective healthcare services to the patients (National Academy of Sciences, 2011; CNA, 2010). From my past experience in a well-known healthcare organization, helped me to understand how the quality of nursing is being influenced by the leadership styles and skills possessed by the nurses. I was being appointed as a trainee in the healthcare centre from where I gained practical experience regarding the leadership qualities possessed by the nursing professionals working in the healthcare centre. The leadership skills possessed by the head nurse of the organization inspired me the most. She was prominent and experienced in every aspect of decision making that are required for providing good quality healthcare in the organization. Moreover, she was highly cooperative with the team members and the junior nurses and supported them to carry out their activities in an effective manner. She always tried to make sure

Economic Efficiency of Green Buildings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Economic Efficiency of Green Buildings - Essay Example We can get information about the environmental performance of CASBEE certified buildings by accessing their certification reports. Also, the cash flow information about some CASBEE buildings, which are owned by real estate investment trusts, is available in their respective financial reports. An analysis to segregate conventional and green buildings was first conducted on all properties held by the Japanese Real Estate Investment Trusts (J-REITs). The data for properties were collected based on the latest financial reports as of March 2011. It was found that out of total 1822 properties held by 35 REITs, 23 are CASBEE certified buildings (Table 1). For further analysis then, the 1799 in-CASBEE certified building was considered as conventional, the 23 CASBEE certified buildings were considered as â€Å"green buildings â€Å" for the purposes of this analysis. To determine economic performance, one can use the capitalization rate, calculated by dividing the net operating income by the appraisal value. The capitalization rate is the rate of return on investment, which is commonly used by investors to determine profitability. The first analysis was conducted in order to determine if there is a dissimilarity of capitalization rate between CASBEE certified buildings (green buildings) and non-certified buildings (conventional buildings). Table 2 represents basic statistical information such as sample size, mean, standard deviations, and standard error mean for both the dataset. The test statistic of the test of the difference between two population means depends on whether or not this hypothesis is rejected. Since this output, the result shows that p-value 0.052 > significance level 0.05, this hypothesis cannot be rejected. Therefore, we can conclude that the populations have equal variances. â€Å"Hypothesis Ho: the population means of the two groups are equal†.  Ã‚  

Identity and culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Identity and culture - Essay Example If a person favors the said outlook, the main priority is to be viewed as a being apart from others in the society. He/she is an individual thriving in an out-group on the belief that he/she can better exist in the said setting. On the other hand, there are individuals in the society who prioritize collectivism. They want to be perceived as one of the members of the in-group. As compared to people who advocate individualism, people in this group wanted to maximize interpersonal relationship and communication. They thrive and operate exceptionally through cultural empathy and can be considered as those people who have great understanding of the need for unity regardless of differences. People who wanted to be perceived as one who understands culture and the behaviors of other people are often open to acculturation and enculturation. The main query of the paper explores the influence of identity and culture on the manner by which a person wanted to be perceived by others. It can be considered that identity and culture are interacting elements that produce a person’s character. A person who wanted to be perceived as an individualist gives more priority to his or her individuality while a person who wanted to be perceived as a very social and cooperative person gives more priority to his or her role in the society contribution to the

Operartional management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Operartional management - Essay Example The case of restaurant managed by Ms Nok Si Leon shows that she is full of innovative and quality improvements ideas, thus some of them will not work in the airport setting. To present a total point of view, critics shall consider channels from the manufacturers' perspective, emphasizing their selection rather than the description of their components. Just the same, it should not be assumed that channels are always selected or devised on a rational basis. Many channels just grow and become habitual and institutionalized. In the future they must be planned more effectively because marketing tasks (which are shaped by technological changes, sociological and psychological factors, new product development, automation, and dynamic global markets) are becoming more complex (Naylor 2002). The proposed two shelf lines will help Nok to meet customers' expectations and different tastes. It should be evident that differences exist between the organization and management of a channel as compared with that of an independent unit. Authority does not flow directly through each of the units from the top down. Resources are owned and allocated by a number of units. Objectives and expectations of units vary; and although interdependence of interests exists, there are also conflicts. The ideal relationship as seen by each member may shackle other members. In such instances, negotiation, bargaining, and requests for cooperation as well as power become tools of coordination. Following Cohen and Roussel (2004) equilibrium in a channel depends on the development of mutually satisfying marketing relationships and roles among manufacturers, wholesalers, and retailers. The tie that binds and coordinates channel activity is the community of interest and independence that these groups share. Often the relationship is one in which the manufacturer is the primary organization and other channel members are secondary (Naylor 2002). The most ineffective strategy is to divide the restaurant into two areas and "move" it divided line when necessary. It will create a lot of problems for staff and visitors. Basically, restaurants have three channel policy courses available to them -- intensive, limited, or exclusive distribution. Intensive or broad distribution gives maximum exposure; these are convenience items where easy and ready access is important. The problem they pose of widespread market penetration often requires wholesalers. Limited menus permits a choice of dealers more ready to cooperate with a manufacturer and promote his line. This approach permits the concentration of effort on selected outlets, and requires careful planning. Nok should rely on high quality but limited number of food proposed to customers (Naylor 2002). For Nok, channel selection has great bearing on a company's financial requirements and market capability and vice versa. Given the total range of services supplied by a channel (the wholesaler, for example), companies are able to distribute to broader market areas and to expand their production capabilities. As distribution channels change, so do corporate financial requirements and resource positions. Manufacturers may establish a sequential plan for distribution based on their own development. For instance, a small manufacturer with a limited product line, limited finances, and geographically dispersed markets may use the full services of a wholesaler. As the manufacturer grows in financial

Social policy in theory and practices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Social policy in theory and practices - Essay Example Nevertheless, this functionalist view of the relationship between economic policy and social policy does not clarify the general inclination to give more importance to economic policy than social policy (Walker &Wong, 2009). This essay analyses the relationship between social policy and economic policy in terms of Keynesian and Monetarist economic ideas in relation to welfare. Theoretically, there should not be any inconsistency or disagreement between economic policy and social policy if the latter approves and supports the economy. Nevertheless, in reality, social policy is generally viewed as a hindrance to economic development; it is viewed as pulling out economic resources and spending them on noneconomic activities (Kesselman, Krieger, & Joseph, 2009). Basically, social policy does not possess an independent and rightful sphere; it is considered to be a ‘poor person’s economic policy’ (Moroney & Krysik, 1998, p. 231). However, the state has a natural obligation to make sure that its social policy and economic policy are not conflicting. For this reason, once a welfare state is founded the rationale of its activities starts to work. The citizens become used to taxation and tend to view social policy as an integral part of social institution in highly industrialised or developed economies. On the contrary, citizens in pre-welfare s tates are less likely to recognise or allow taxation because of the absence of confidence in state agencies and the absence of actual experience or knowledge of the advantages of a welfare state (Walker & Wong, 2009, p. 1). In such circumstances, social welfare is commonly limited to the poor or substantially dispossessed by reason of charity. Regardless of the form of taxation (e.g. income tax, excise tax, etc), the capacity of the state to financially support its political and social activities relies on the capacity of the private sector to produce, invest, and accumulate

The United States of America Essay Example for Free

The United States of America Essay The year is 2039 in the United States of America. There is a new mandatory government law and procedure that requires all American citizens to adhere to. The procedure is called the Ein which is a German word that means â€Å"one†. The procedure changes all normal human beings as we know them into super intelligent people and reconstructs them into beautiful beings. The process starts on an automatic escalator on which the human being rides, and travels from one machine to the next. The first machine controls the brain by using an automatic electronic head piece that descends from above onto the human head. The electronic headpiece shocks the brain and reprograms everything that is sympathetic such as emotions, empathy and creativity. After that part of the brain is completely numbed, the computer programming begins to transform the mind, turning everyone who enters into alienated, egocentric human beings. After the process is done, the human is totally dumbfounded and automatically moves to the next machine which is called the Van-Trans. To keep the human from feeling any pain, he or she is first injected with a super pain reliever and then the human’s skeleton reshapes into a human box. After the person is shaped like a box, the Van-Trans start the reshaping procedure. After molding and trimming, the person is created into a supermodel form. This is a governmental standard requirement for all people to follow who resides within the United States. All of the humans who are recreated are referred to as Supers by the government. Finally, when the procedure is finished, the Super is now allowed to exit the Machine. On one occasion after having the procedure done, there was a young woman who witnesses a little girl who was hurt in a car accident and she needed the young woman’s help. The little girl was unconscious and no one would help her because of how the required procedure affects everyone who has the procedure done. All of their emotions and compassion is removed during the procedure. Therefore, the woman just stepped right over the child having no feeling at all for the little girl. The world has been turned into a heartless society. The government has created a society that is numb to having feelings and worships their intellect and outer man. â€Å"Power has become so subtle and complex a thing [†¦] that only a subtle mind can watch it work; here it is still limited, still visible† (LeGuin 5). The people’s only power is their knowledge but they use their knowledge to get over on others who are not Supers like them. â€Å"Nothing succeeds like success† (LeGuin 5). Works Cited LeGuin, Ursula K. The Left Hand Of Darkness. New York: Walker And Company, 1969.

Performance measurement

Performance measurement Introduction: This report is about operations Management in general and performance measurement in specific, which is broadly a study of an organization’s performance. LYCATEL has been chosen as Model Company in order to measure its performance. This report will focus on studying the different areas of their operations. This repot will also look at the positive or negative impacts of operational decisions taken by the company. This report will positively contribute to highlight some issues which may lead company towards betterment or vice versa. Finally the conclusion will proceed to some recommendations based on our analysis.This report will begin with brief explanation of performance measurement and its related concepts. The next section will introduce the Model Company and description of the problem. Finally the company will be analyzed on the basis of performance measure tools and recommendations will be made. Performance Measurement: Performance measurement can be defined as: a process in which we check or evaluate the company from different angels that how they are performing in their field. If we explore history, organisations have always measured performance in some way through the financial performance that they are making profit or not. However, traditional performance measured, based on cost accounting information; provide little to support companies on their quality journey. They never check the performance of an organisation seen by their customers that how they think about organisation’s performance. According to an article published in PMA Newsletter: â€Å"Evaluating performance is important, but we can not limit the performance measurement to this purpose. If we want to manage for results and manage through measures we should consider the performance measurement not just as a rear-view mirror to evaluate our past performance but as a tool to support decision making process in the organisation day by day.† Now a days in a successful total quality organisation, performance measures by the improvements seen by the customer as well as by the results delivered to other stakeholders, such as the shareholders. In the issue of Perspectives on Performance, Max Moullin recommended his personal definition of performance measurement and explained the aims of it. We would like to contribute to the discussion what he asserted. Here is how Moullin defined performance measurement: â€Å"Performance measurement is evaluating how well organisations are managed and the value they deliver for customers and other stakeholders† â€Å"We are not totally agreed with this definition because the word he used ‘how well’ should be decided after the measurement, we can’t say that the organisation is doing well or not before the measurement.† But as far other concerns it covers the both sides that the performance measurement tells the customer satisfaction and the stakeholders. Obviously if the customers are happy with the products or organisation they will stick with them and organisation will make profit, it’s just the different angle to see the things. Tools for Performance Measurement: When we talk about measuring something the first concept in the mind comes that measurable things should be tangible. So question arises here how we can measure intangible things? Then there should be some tools to measure the performance like if we want to measure the speed we measure in km/hr or if there is some liquid then we measure in litre and length in meters but for organisations we check that how good is their performance. It is really easy to say that in some organisation, some operation is not doing well or its performance is not very good but how we can say that what exactly we mean by these words â€Å"Well† or â€Å"Good†. To justify this we need something to measure the performance of operations in an organisation, some tool to do that. For this we will use Slack’s theory as a tool and measure the performance. His theory is also a best match with our case. In his theory he is using Quality, Speed, Dependability, Flexibility and Cost as tools to measure the performance. And these tools can be used to measure that the organisation is: Gives Doing things Right a Quality advantage Gives Doing things Fast a Speed advantage Gives Doing things On-Time a Dependability advantage Gives Changing what you do a Flexibility advantage Gives Doing things cheaply a Cost advantage The LYCATEL Group In this section a brief introduction is given about LYCATEL which is a dynamic, fast growing alternative provider of telecommunications services for consumers and businesses throughout the world. We will asses their performance in the UK market that how they perform in the market from customer’s point of view. LYCATEL Group covers several countries all over the world but we will check its performance specifically in the UK. The LYCATEL Group offers a broad product portfolio comprising of prepaid telephony solutions including: Carrier to carrier wholesale services Calling cards Residential Indirect Access Services (1xxxx) Mobile services (MVNO) Through a relentless focus on providing high voice quality by partnering with over 70 global telecommunications carriers, the LYCATEL brand serves its growing base of over 2 million customers who want to make low cost international calls. LYCATEL Group’s FUTURE The LYCATEL Group is committed to being the first choice telecommunications provider focused on serving global niche segments that have a need to call internationally whilst managing their monthly budgets through prepaid solutions. Vision To create a world-class telecommunications organisation where their talented people team up with their business partners to continually drive down costs and deliver superior value propositions to their customers. Mission To be the global market leader in the prepaid international calling card business by 2008. To diversify their revenue mix by developing prepaid carrier to carrier wholesale, prepaid residential and prepaid international mobile businesses, accounting for 40% of revenue streams by 2008. To delight their customers by providing low cost, high quality telecommunications services. Performance Key Facts Generates over 700 million minutes of voice calls every month – handling over 1.2 million completed calls daily. Operates a state-of-the-art global network comprising over 2,500 E1s – combining modern VOIP and traditional TDM technology. Employs over 150 talented professionals in the UK, Ireland, Spain, Switzerland, Italy, Germany, France, Norway, Denmark, Finland, Austria, Netherlands, Sweden, Belgium and Portugal. Interconnects with over 70 blue chip telecommunications carriers. Operates though a broad European distribution network of wholesalers providing access to over 300,000 outlets, including own controlled outlets in key locations. Provides customer services through a 24-hour multi-lingual call centre. Brand is recognised and used by over 2 million pan-European consumers. Is the European prepaid calling card market leader with an estimated market share of 25% in the UK, 20% in Holland, 20% in France and growing rapidly in Scandinavia, Italy, Germany, Spain, Austria and Switzerland? Has annualised global revenues in excess of $300 million and on target to achieve global revenues of $500 million in 2006. Calling Cards LYCATEL calling cards enable their customers to make international calls easily and cost effectively. Providing over 100 calling card product brands to the market place including Uni Asia, Uni Tel, Lyca India, Latino Tel, Euro Tel, Africa Tel, They originate over 350 million minutes per month, of which we terminate over 60 million minutes to the Asian Sub-Continent, 70 million minutes to Africa, 20 million minutes to the US, 35 million minutes to Europe and 20 million minutes to the UK per month. The LYCATEL Group produces and distributes 6 million calling cards a month making us one of the biggest European operators in this sector. They achieve this through an extensive network of wholesalers ensuring that their customers can easily purchase cards at over 300,000 retailers across Europe including own controlled outlets in key strategic locations or online through their e-shop at www.LYCATEL.com. (3) Measuring the Performance of LYCATEL: As we all know that there is a big competition in telecommunication companies now a day in the UK and all over the world. Everyone is trying to give the best to their customers in this competitive market and want to bind the customers with them forever because they know the values have been changed. Now the customer’s satisfaction is a very big issue for the companies in the UK and all over the world. In telecommunication companies if someone needs to contact any one in the company, need any information, or they have any complaints or any sort of matter they have, they go through customer services. So it means customer services play a vital role in these companies and leave a deep impact on the customers as well. That’s why we decided to measure the performance of their (LYCATEL Group) customer services. We gathered views of people about LYCATEL’s customer services and measure them using our tools to get their performance. Now we will try to measure their performance using different tools. No doubt that the facts figures they are showing in their charts are very good and the company is progressing but it is not enough if we compare with their competitors especially in the UK. We will asses their performance using some tools like Quality, Speed, Dependability, Flexibility and Cost. We took review of the people about their customer services in which we will check these certain areas: Quality: One of the main factors in quality measurement is to evaluate the level of complaints. There are many sources to check the customer’s complaints. Different businesses use different strategies in order to get feed back. There have been many companies and websites formed in order to collect the positive negative reviews of the company. We have measured company’s customer services on the basis of customers complaints registered on one of the authentic web source, which is famous to collect customers views. There have been many complaints registered regarding their poor customer services depicted in one of the customer’s view as: View: â€Å"Bought Africa tel lycatel phone card and it gave me 5 minutes to talk yet claiming I had more minutes. I guess they disappeared in the thin air. I then proceeded to call customer service, who do not seem to know what they are talking about, did not answer or help me in any way shape or form, they just wanted me to get off the phone by giving me false information.†(4) In our research we found that customers were not much dissatisfied with the products of the company but with the customer services. A number of complaints were found regarding language barriers especially accent related issues. The customer services don’t seem to be well trained. They have not been equipped with proper information as reflected in the view which clearly shows the communication gap between management and staff. We also found many complaints regarding warrant claims and mean time between failures when measured the performance of customer services. Another person’s view as follows: â€Å" Very bad. Customer service too bad. I have online account with lycatel and I paid through credit card and they took the money and did not credit my account. Trying to contact them but call center could not help me on this. Very bad service.† Speed: Communication is known as a backbone in the field of customer services. LYCATEL’s customer services lacking in the field of communication due to their pronunciation problem as their most of the staff is non English. The consequences of this factor is influencing very negatively on their customer query time. The bad communication leads to misunderstanding, repetition and finally frustration. This does not only results in delaying customer query but also increases the order lead time. View: â€Å"Bought Africa Tel Lycatel phone card and it gave me 5 minutes to talk yet claiming I had more minutes. I guess they disappeared in the thin air. I then proceeded to call customer service, who do not seem to know what they are talking about, did not answer or help me in any way shape or form, they just wanted me to get of the phone by giving me false information.† Dependability: In this regard we would like to share personal experience of one of our colleague’s, who was dealt with many of the customer assistants including their supervisors. He experienced that every person he spoke to was not dependable at all. Every assistant provided different information on a same query but no one could solve it. Finally it was found that information provided by each of the members of the staff did not exist in the policies of the company. The same issue was also reflected in many other views. View: â€Å"Its so annoying when the card tells you have 195 minutes for the call. You make a call for one hour. A couple of hours later you go back and the card tell you have no funds. What happened to the other 2 hours? You call the customer service team (at YOUR expense), am left holding for over 15 minutes only to be told that the computer does not update for 6 hours. You call back again in the morning over 9 hours later only to be told the same thing.† Flexibility: Our research found that LYCATEL is not flexible enough to provide solution for diversity of queries. Very minor issues are discussed with supervisors or transferred to others. This causes dissatisfaction and finally shows inflexibility. The customer assistants are not equipped with the variety of information that’s why they depend on their seniors. View: â€Å"I bought a  £5 card, used it once for about 20mins, (out of an apparent 1000+). And then, despite it still having credit, I could never call a single other number on it again. Needless to say their customer services are the very kind you fear coming across, i.e.: a million miles away, deaf to your concerns and completely unable to do anything to rectify your loss of time, money and whist.† Cost: Minimizing the cost is one of the main objectives of any organization. When companies try to minimize their costs they must consider many factors in order to make decisions. Lyca tell seems to increase cost due to the delay of handling costs. These problems eventually result in dissatisfaction and obviously if one customer is dissatisfied hundred of other are affected due to the word of mouth. Hence labour productivity effects directly on the increasing costs and puts bad impacts on efficiency. View â€Å"I am so frustrated with my attempts and loss of time that I will not buy this card again and will relay my experience to my friends too.† â€Å"There was nothing good in my experience about Lycatel and their calling cards. Open a card without using it, and you will be surprise Lycatels computers will use the card for you. I thought I would have received loads of minutes on the cards but Lycatel.com never fulfilled this for me. I therefore do not recommend Lycatel.com.† Problem Description: Analysis has pointed out a problem in their customer services. Being business doctors it is diagnosed that actually the problem doesn’t exist directly in the customer services but in their operations. The statement we arrived at as diagnosed above is based on our detailed analysis by utilising the performance tool in the early section. Our research has found that the root cause of the problem exists in operations management because that the call centres of LYCATEL’s are based in India which is purely an operations based decision as the service layout is wrongly designed. Due to the cheap labour most of the customer services staff is hired from the mentioned country. LYCATEL deals with millions of customers in the UK market every day. Further more it is found that many other problems link to this decision. Solution/Recommendation: It is recommended that LYCATEL should realize the customers concern and they should change their layout of call centres from India to UK. Our conclusion is based on our detailed analysis where all factors are analysed and we find that in order to improve quality, speed, dependability, flexibility and reduce cost the service layout must be redesigned and call centres should be based in the UK. And British people should be hired. This will not only reduce the customer’s complaints regarding language barriers but also improve quality satisfaction. Properly trained employees with better communication will increase the speed of handling calls which will eventually reduce the cost and also reduce the waiting calls time. LYCATEL’s call centres are basically structured in India due to the cost effectiveness. They have surely seen one side of the picture but have totally ignored the other side. Our calculations show that if one person is dissatisfied it can distract 100s of customers. If LYCATEL satisfies one customer it means he is saving hundreds of customers which is actually cost effectiveness. Another angel of cost reduction can be considered by employing well trained staff who can satisfy three times more customers as compare to less trained staff. As LYCATEL is operating in different parts of the world, We recommend that small scaled call centres should be established for only UK based customers which another way of considering cost effectiveness. Our research has also found that people living in India are not much familiar with the cultural values of the UK, this is also one of the reasons which results communication gaps when dealing with totally different cultural background customers. References: (http://www.balancedscorecardreview.it/c2005/Definition-of-Performance-Measurement.pdf) 12/03/09 @ 20:30 Max Moullin – Defining performance measurement in Perspectives on Performance Volume 2 (Issue 2 March 2003) (http://www.lycatel.com/LycaTelHome.aspx) Date: 14/03/09 @ 14:00 (http://www.reviewcentre.com/reviews93358.html) 16/03/09 @ 19:45

Analysing Mearsheimers Critique Of Structural Realism Politics Essay

Analysing Mearsheimers Critique Of Structural Realism Politics Essay As discussed in the last section the Waltzian model of realism has had profound effects on international relations theory. However, even fellow realists have found problems and inconsistencies with Waltzs structural realism. John Mearsheimer is one of these theorists. He uses and adapts on Waltzs theory to paint a much more pessimistic and altogether darker picture of International relations theory. He expands on Waltzs idea of structure causing behaviour, but he rejects the status quo bias in Waltzs theory. (Mearsheimer, 2001, p. 20) Instead he favours a more aggressive form of state interaction forced by anarchic systems which lead states to become hegemonies. Mearsheimer still refers to himself as a structural realist because his assumptions are based on states acting in an anarchic system. While he uses Waltzs theory of structure he does have serious reservations about defensive realisms theoretical usefulness: Realist theories are invariably simple or parsimonious, which has an upside and a downside. Any simple theory, as we all know, can only explain so much about the world, because by definition it omits a variety of factors from its explanatory apparatus, and sometimes those factors matter a lot. (Mearsheimer, Booth, Wheeler, Williams, 2006, p. 107) He goes further to explain why this is a problem for Waltzs theory: My main problem with defensive realism is that it does not do a good job of explaining how the world actually works. It may be a good normative theory but it is not a good descriptive theory. (ibid., p. 111) Mearsheimer has attempted to rectify this problem by creating a new theory, or more accurately, amending the pre-existing theory. To do this he state the five key assumptions realism is based upon. The bulk of this section will attempt to critique his amendments to Waltzs structural realism and will attempt to show how they are also logically dubious. As stated in the previous section Waltz erred on the side of parsimony rather than providing a descriptive theory. (SÃ ¸rensen, 2011, p. 112) Mearsheimer starts his book with his five key assumptions, which he restates throughout his work. While he never explicitly ranks them, it is fair to say, based on his theory, that the following order is most important to least important. States are the key actors in World Politics and they operate in an anarchic system. Great powers invariably have some offensive military capability. States can never be certain whether other states have hostile intentions towards them. Great powers place a high premium on survival. States are rational actors who are reasonably effective at designing strategies that maximise their chances of survival. (ibid., pp. 362-363) Mearsheimer seems to add an addendum to his own work, that maximising chances for survival necessarily dictates that states are power-hungry. That they will attempt to gain power and try to achieve regional and perhaps global hegemony. He creates a set of mutually exclusive conditions tries to make them operate in concert to explain state behaviour. He claims in his book The Tragedy of Great Power Politics that the structure of the international system, not the particular characteristics of individual powers, causes them to think and act offensively and to seek hegemony. (ibid., p. 53) He argues that Waltzs self-help behaviour, created by security dilemmas within the international system, was not taken far enough. In anarchy the desire to survive encourages states to behave aggressively. (ibid., p. 54) He assumes that such behaviour does not accurately explain states primary motivation and that when given the opportunity that states will act to create superiority or hegemony. He make s very little effort to explain why an anarchic system forces these actions. He assumes that through a series of, arguably flawed, case studies that his reader will accept his assumption as an epistemological fact. This is counterintuitive when his first assumption of world politics tells that states act in anarchy. Mearsheimer explains that anarchy means that states have no higher authority above them. (2005, p. 2005) Hegemony is defined by Mearsheimer as a state that is so powerful that it dominates all the other states in the system. (2001, p. 40) This would then prioritize the hegemon and it would act as a higher authority in the international system. This could conceivably create a hierarchic international system. Mearsheimer rejects this, and contradicts the logical extension of his theoretical assumptions in the process, when describing the present international system; we are not moving towards a hierarchic international system, which would effectively mean some kind of world government. In fact, anarchy looks like it will be with us for a long time. (2001, p. 365) Mearsheimer seems to be suggesting throughout his work that the hegemon would not be an authority above the states but more of a primus inter pares. His reasoning for hegemonic growth is based in the security dilemma international relations presents. The ultimate goal being survival states will attempt to gain enough relative power that they cannot be threatened. (Wang, 2004, pp. 176-177) Nevertheless, there is still no compelling argument given to show how anarchy relates to hegemonic stability theory. This apparent contradiction between theoretical assumptions warrants further consideration. To provide a critique that is both succinct and effective it is reasonable to use a few fundamental shortcuts in the following examination. The first of these is that this critique will assume that Mearsheimers underlying theoretical assumptions are correct (within the reaches of his own theory). In particular his first assumption that the structure of world politics is anarchical and the underlying premise of his work that states seek power to enhance security and that hegemony is the ultimate goal are the two theoretical assumptions that will be focused on. The second is to assume that he is correct when he labels America as a regional hegemony. It is important to note that neither of these conditions are as clear cut or simple as Mearsheimer would seem to believe, indeed the first will be challenged throughout this section. The critique will be examining the relationship between the Europea n Union and America. It will question whether the primus inter pares relationship described above is real or if hegemonic stability theory is anathema to anarchic structures. To begin it should be noted that it is very hard to make the case that Europe is one homogenous entity subject to the same rules and responsibilities of a state. This argument is largely born as a hypothetical situation. The following situation is being used to demonstrate a logical inconsistency and contradiction within Mearsheimers theory. I intend to question Mearsheimers conception of state actions and anarchy. Without considering other influencing factors (given that almost all realists assume that states are the main actors) the main actor that will be discussed is Germany. The situation will use Mearsheimers own arguments regarding potential hegemonies and the actions existing hegemonies take to prevent their rise. Mearsheimer argues that economic and political interdependence would not be enough to secure the rise of Germany within Europe. (1994-1995, pp. 6-8) America is the deciding factor when it comes to preventing war in Europe. (ibid. 6-8, 47-49) This is the action of a hegemonic entity he argues. States that achieve regional Hegemony seek to prevent great powers in other regions from duplicating their feat. Thus the United States, for example, played a key role in preventing imperial Japan, Wilhelmine Germany, Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union from gaining regional supremacy. (Mearsheimer J. J., 2001, p. 41) He goes on to explain how this is relevant to the example: If a potential hegemon emerges among them, the other great powers in that region might be able to contain it by themselves, allowing the distant hegemon to remain safely on the sidelines. Of course, if the local great powers were unable to do the job, the distant hegemon would take the appropriate measures. (ibid., p. 41) Mearsheimer states that this form of state (it is worthwhile to point out that a hegemon is substantially different to a state this point will be expanded upon later in the section) behaviour is more about balancing power and preventing a potential threat becoming an actual threat. This is broadly in keeping with realist assumptions of state action. However, if the term balancing is replaced with policing, which is equally applicable, the action becomes problematic if the system is meant to remain anarchic. He does in fact explicitly state that the peace in Europe today, is the result of the American pacifier, not the establishment of a security community. (Mearsheimer, Booth, Wheeler, Williams, 2006, p. 116) This is not the role of a hegemonic balancing act. It is the imposition of order by the hegemon on other states. There is an argument to be made that it does balance a perceived future threat, that argument is, however, unconvincing. The security dilemma does not stipulate that a state respond to an implied threat, the only response warranted is when there is a de facto threat. The degree of economic integration and interdependence in Europe necessarily precludes Germany from seeking power as it would lead to negative gain. Mearsheimer oddly goes further than this when discussing this problem I think you have peace in western Europe because there is a higher authority that maintains order. There is a 911 to call: the United States. (2006, p. 121) The contradiction becomes apparent; anarchy is the absence of a higher authority, hegemony is the imposition of it. There is little doubt that Mearsheimer would disagree with this interpretation of hegemony as he would regard America acting as a global policeman (absent the need to balance an aggressively growing potential hegemon) as ill advised and contrary to the underlying assumptions of his theory. (2001, pp. 50-51) The reason this example is so confused is also born out of a contradiction implicit within Mearsheimers work. Germany could never be a potential hegemon, irrespective of historical imperatives. The reasons for this are apparent in Mearsheimers own work the rational actor assumption would seem to stop a state from taking an action where the costs outweigh the potential gains. (ibid. p.37) This means, largely due to the level of economic interdependence that Germany is not likely to become an expansionistic power. The contradiction that comes out is that while the buffer that America provides (which Mearsheimer disagrees with profoundly (2006, pp. 118-121)) is not a response to a potential hegemon it is the imposition of hegemonic strength. However, this contradiction does not detract from the problem of hegemonic dominance necessarily translating the anarchic system into a hierarchical one. Quite aside from that particular theoretical inconsistency, there is a problem with Mearsheimers power lust vs. balancing theory. He has three conditions that control this form of state action: Great powers try to expand only when opportunities arise. They do so when the benefits clearly exceed the risks and costs. They will desist from expansion when blocked and wait for a more propitious moment (Snyder, 2002, p. 153) The causal root of this competitive balancing is deeply rooted in the structure (or so we are lead to believe) anarchy forces each state to assume a security dilemma. This is argument is never truly pursued in his work, it is assumed that the self-help nature that Ken Waltz puts forward and this security problem is the driver for the state action. When examined this explanation of state action is completely unsatisfactory. Richard Rosecrance explains the problem of this form of state action. At the turn of the century, the United States passed Great Britain without war. In economic terms, Japan moved ahead of the Soviet Union in 1983 but neither country was tempted to fight over the transition. The German rise vis-a-vis Britain at the end of the nineteenth century would not have been a problem had it not been that the Kaiser decided to build a great navy and challenge Britain both at home and overseas. If Germany had remained a land power as it opted to do under Bismarck it would not have caused British opposition or provoked an arms race. (2006, p. 32) Britain, from the mid 19th century to the start of the First World War was the regional hegemony. It had almost complete control of the sea and a huge empire to support itself. Both America and Wilhelmine Germany were potential regional hegemonies. Britain did not in any way try to challenge their growth. Similarly the Soviet Union did not balance the growing hegemony of Japan. This seems to ignore both the rational actor model and hegemonic stability theory, both of which are key parts Mearsheimers theory. Mearsheimers work on offensive realism is riddled with mutual exclusions and contradictions. It does still remain an interesting theory; it attempts to add broader explanatory assumptions to a set of normative principles. The problem is that the theory attempts to do too much. It tries to explain state motivations and actions as well as the outcomes produced. It, however, uses very narrow ontological assumptions to provide explanation. We are presented with the idea that states have a will to power driven by a security threat which is in turn driven by the anarchical system. Mearsheimer does not explain coherently why an anarchic structure forces states into such an aggressive competition, he serves it up as an epistemological fact and an eternal truth. With these problems in mind, it is also important to remember that Mearsheimer theory does cover some aspects of international relations. The addition of the rational actor model is likely a positive change in realist perspective, wit h the caveat that states can act irrationally at times. This section has provided a critique of Mearsheimers work using his own theories and examples. I have tried to remain as constant to Mearsheimers own theoretical assumptions as possible. While by no means conclusive it does serve to illustrate some severe problems with the theory that need to be rectified. The validity of his core assumptions are not what I have questioned, it is the underlying addition to these assumptions of hegemonic stability theory that I strongly disagree with. While Mearsheimer does give empirical evidence to support his claims, the validity of this evidence is up for debate.

Western Influence on Japan Essay -- Geography

Western Influence on Japan Japan, as a nation, is a continually changing society. Ever since western nations became involved with Japan, its changes over recent times have increased at a substantial rate. Japan now faces cultural, economical and social differences as a result of the western involvement. The involvement was initiated by the Japanese themselves, beginning during the Meiji Period1 through current times. As time increases, Japan is slowly becoming more 'westernized' because of western involvement. Western involvement is greatly affecting Japan. Western involvement began in Japan during the late 1800's. The Meiji dynasty helped to carry it through, seeing the importance of western ideas. "Learn all you can from the Europeans and Americans"2 was what Emperor Meiji was saying to the Japanese in 1867. During this period, Japan agreed to change it's hereditary authority and class barriers between its people.3 Japan also opened their ports during this period4 and sold fuel to other countries such as the Us.5 The Japanese language took a major turn, too, with the addition of borrowed words from all over the world.6 Japan borrowed the American education system of elementary, middle school and universities during this time.7 A new western style army and universal military conscription program were soon set up by General Yamagata Autamo as well.8 The Meiji period was an important part of Japan's changing western ways. After World War II, Japan changed forever. With the Atomic bomb physically destroying their cities, and their defeat destroying their imperialistic mentalities, Japan was deeply wounded. Japan lost the respect of the world during the war and few people felt sorry f... ...R. Japan. p.113. 22 Davidson, Judith. Japan - Where East Meets West, p.107. 23 Pitts, Forrest R. Japan. p.46. 24 Davidson, Judith. Japan - Where East Meets West, p.101. 25 p.94. 26 Miller, Richard J. and Katoh, Lynn. Japan, p.57-58. 27 Greene, Carol. Enchantment of the World, Japan, p.97. 28 Pitts, Forrest R. Japan. p.78. 29 Davidson, Judith. Japan - Where East Meets West, p.48. Works Cited: Davidson, Judith. Japan - Where East Meets West. Minnesota: Dillon Press Inc., 1983. Greene, Carol. Enchantment of the World, Japan. Chicago: Regensteiner Publishing Enterprises Inc., 1983. Miller, Richard J. and Katoh, Lynn. Japan. New York: Franklyn Watts Inc., 1969. Pitts, Forrest R. Japan. Canada: Fideler Company., 1974. Reischauer, Edwin O. The United States and Japan. Massachusettes: Harvard University Press, 1965.

The Picture of Dorian Gray :: Literary Analysis, Wilde

Throughout the novel The Picture of Dorian Gray, author Wilde's talks about the influence of Henry that causing the effect of the Henry characterization toward the point of view regard to women, marriage and love. In the text, Dorian exposes to the influence of Henry. For instance, after Sibyl's death incident causing Dorian having an emotional breakdown. At this moment, Henry offering Dorian some suggestions, however, the reflection of Dorian emotion afterward can seem a drastic change from sympathy to indifference toward the incident of his lover sibyl's, thus Henry represented a strong imagine of influences of Dorian. His advise for Dorian can penetrate deeply goes into his mind. One way that Lord Henry influences Dorian by using his advised to manipulates him. For example, "You can come to my sister's box. She has got some smart women with her'' (113). Wilde's implies that Dorian shouldn't regret about Sibyl death, but rather he should get engage of knowing other females from his sister's box. Initially, Dorian views the Sibyl's death as his fault. His presence is the solely reason that behind the death of Sibyl's. Wilde's expresses his view of women when Dorian's mention '' You are shallow and stupid. My God! How mad I was to love with you! What a fool I have been"(102). Wilde view that women without any artistic talent are considered worthless. Another example, Dorian asks forgiveness from Sibyl's before he heard the news about the death of Sibyl's by writing a letter to expresses his absurd action as sorrow, regret and forgive ."He covered page after page of wild words of sorrow and wilder words of pain" (111). The contrast between the Dorian whom have his own thought and the Dorian follow thoroughly what Henry says can be seen as a greater diverge person. Once Dorian established the root of what the Henry tells him, and Dorian will follow the road that causing Basil to view him differently. For example, Dorian responds of '' I met Lady Gwendolen, Harry's sister, for the first time. We were in her box. She is perfectly charming"(122). Wilde's implies, Dorian is a creature that easily controlled by the hand of Henry's and he can change his behavior and action after he's listening to Henry advise of Sibyl's death. As the novel progressive, Basil engages further conversation with Dorian's. He realizes Dorian's is not the same Dorian he knew when Dorian says '"A man who is master of himself can end a

Halloween Night

It is 8:30 on Halloween night as I am walking down the long streets of Clinton hearing nothing but children screaming, cars beeping, and leaves crackling beneath my feet in the cold, fall night. I turn the corner and see college kids and parents laughing by the Tavern as they exit the building. Making my way down the street with my friends by my side, cars are zooming by us like a school of fish swimming to get away from sharks. All of a sudden the group of kids I am with get attacked with shaving cream by underclassmen that think they are funny. A police slows down as he passes us to see what all the commotion was.Realizing it was nothing he continues on his nightly route. Furious and startled we walk away slowly because we were not dressed for the occasion of what kids call â€Å"bombingâ€Å". Minutes passed and we decided to go trick-or-treating. Approaching a house with a long cobble stone driveway and bright yellow lights we finally reach our destination. Warm apple cider and fresh cinnamon donuts are passed out among all of the people. We make our way back to town passing little kids in a variety of different costumes. Also middle and high school students throwing eggs and attacking each other with shaving cream.Dodging all the action we walk on the opposite side of the street they are on so we don’t get hit. Arriving back into town we see teachers, parents, and kids we know. After a warm welcoming of hellos we decided to make our way back to our homes considering it was a school night and it was getting late. Streets were starting to become clear as people decided the Halloween night was over. Adults turned off their lights making it clear they were done handing out candy for the night. Clintons streets remained silent as Halloween night came to an end.

Reflections on Visual Representation: Of Mice and Men

As a female, I was annoyed the way the novel made women out actively by using words like tramp', ‘pitch' and tart' and the way men in the novel used them as prostitutes, so my representation shows the freedom and confinement of Curly wife – Eve given her power in my representation because her and the other women had none In the novel and Eve made the men all fairly insignificant In my representation because It wasn't fair that they had all the power In the book.I felt Like Curlers wife was Like a caged bird In the novel because she desperately wanted to escape from her life, but just couldn't. This is why I used a birdcage as the cost dominant thing in my representation. It is sparkles because I wanted it to look luring because Curlers wife was lured into marrying Curler because she thought that marriage would give her freedom. The bride's veil hanging on the outside of the birdcage emphasizes that her hopes and dreams were out of reach and that marriage was central to h er being trapped.Black chains are also wrapped around the sparkles cage, which makes her even more confined than Just being in the cage. A mans clothing and top hat sits over the veil, chains and the cage door, which shows hat men, and especially rich men like Curly and his father are the most powerful, have the most freedom In the novel, and are the ones who trap and confine other less powerful people. Bird's feathers in the cage are a metaphor for Curler's wife who is like a confined bird, and the fact that they are popping out the side of the cage shows that she is desperately trying to escape.Just like a bird is free to fly where ever it likes, her dreams were free once, but now they are caged. Curlers wife, the prostitutes and the girl in the red dress are all nameless in the novel Just like the bird in the cage – we now it is a bird because we can see its feathers, but we can't actually see what type of bird it is. Even so, the feathers are black which has two symbolic meanings, firstly black symbolizes her misery and death, and the way the feathers are scattered everywhere reminds me of the description of the frenzy before her murder and of her dead limp body.Black Is also the color associated with evil and the author constructs her as a sank/flirt who Is trying to corrupt men. Eve Included one tiny single feather with beautiful red spots on it, which shows the way the men treat her potty feather is also like Curly wife's hair – it is soft which tempts Ellen to touch it which eventually leads to him murdering her. Also, the red spotted feather is like her dreams that are mostly hidden now that she is confined in her marriage cage.Red is associated with prostitutes and was also the color of Curlers wife's shoes and the red dress the girl was wearing who accused Ellen of rape, so in my representation, I have made it a feminine color. The red spotted feather also shows Curlers wife's vibrant personality that we understand more when she explai ns how she could have en a movie star. The quote ‘An a guy tool me he could put me in pitchers†¦ On sparkly paper backs this up and is shown in bold lettering to show how forcefully she said the words, but Eve cut them in half on the poster to make the words hard to understand Just like in the novel when she spoke them to Ellen, he couldn't really understand her which again emphasizes how trapped and alone she was. This idea is shown again in another quote ‘Satisfy night. Everybody out doing' osmosis. Everybody! An' what am I don? Standing' here talking' to a bunch of bindle stiffs' which emphasizes that the men are all out and have friends, but she is not allowed to have either.The black font is damaged Just like she admits that she is damaged through this rhetorical question. Even so, Ellen and Crook are also excluded and confined and they are shown on my representation as stick figures/'bindle stiffs' connected to this quote who I positioned at the outside of my picture, Just like they are at the outside of society. They have weird square heads and uneven bodies to show that they are different to the other powerful men represented by the suit and top hat on he cage in the middle of the representation, and the men in the newspaper article in the background.Colorful, red, shiny swirls are radiating from the cage and heading upwards which is like the singing/chirping bird because Curly wife was always trying to be happy and talk to the men because she was trapped and lonely. These red swirls floating upward also represent the freedom of dreams. But people can't understand birds just like the men couldn't understand Curlers wife's loneliness which is also shown by a clump of red letters that are Jumbled up in a small pile hardly noticeable on the eight hand side of the cage.The Jumbled letters are separate from the men's words, which are shown as colorful ‘happy words, all Joined together because they are all free to socialize with each o ther. Even so, the men's words face inwards in a circle which shows their social circle and represents the way they keep her out and trapped in her cage. Curlers wife is excluded from the friendships and confined to her unhappy life on the ranch because she is female, and because she is the boss's wife. By Paris Whittaker Year 11

Concept of Education Essay

Education involve training of entire person to enable them not only to read, write and calculate or to be proficient in a given job but also to enable them to fit themselves for living in the society, therefore, it is the training of a person intellectually, morally and physically. It is also an instrument for social development or social reform through individual development, education is a companion, it chastens vice and it guide virtues. Unarguably, education provides the means through which youths are informed in the aspects of living which are necessary for a happy and successful life. These aspects are the vocational and consumer aspect. Education is characterized with the following roles in the society: a. To develop social and individual efficiency. b. It aim at self fulfillment or realizations c. It prepare and train young people for the problems, tasks and leisure as they exist today and can be for seen tomorrow. d. It develops the full potentialities of every child. e. It makes people critical and creative. NATURE OF ENTRPRENEURSHIP Different individuals view entrepreneurship in different way, Economist see it as an essential investment generating opportunities, sociologist as an instigator in modernization of societies, Psychologist see him as an entrepreneurial man and try to decipher him as a character of economic development and the political scientists consider him as a child of political system (Bard i and Bard I 2005). Entrepreneur possesses the following features: 1. Innovation 2. Function of high achievement. 3. Organization building function. 4. Gap filling function. 5. Function of Managerial Skills and leadership. Who is an Entrepreneur? Entrepreneur is a person who undertakes an enterprise – acting as an intermediary between capital and labour. It is an individual who through a dint of work, grow a business from fruition to a lusty venture. An Entrepreneur must possess the following characteristics they are: 1. Moderate risk taking. 2. Problem solver. 3. Goal setting. 4. Team builder and motivator 5. Communication skills. 6. Good Human relation. CLASSIFICATION OF ENTREPRENEUR. a. The Innovation Entrepreneur. b. The Initiative Entrepreneur. c. The Fabian Entrepreneur. d. The Drone Entrepreneur. DISTINCTION BETWEEN AN ENTREPRENEUR AND MANAGER It is a common fact that people mistakes Entrepreneur for professional manager, who is appointed by the organization and paid while an Entrepreneur is not a paid manager. How be it, an entrepreneur is greatly motivated to start his new business and also manage it successfully, he is the investor and takes risks in the enterprise. He is an innovator and a manager and works for his satisfaction and he is happy to get positive results, an entrepreneur appoints a manager to carry out some of his functions, whereas the reverse is not true, an entrepreneur may also perform duties of manager in getting done his creative activities and satisfying need of achievement. CONCEPT OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION. The United States Colorado educators, cited in Osuala (2004) defined Entrepreneurship Education as a programme or part of the education programme that prepares individual to undertake the information and operation of a small business enterprise, Entrepreneurship education involves a specialized training given to students of vocational business education to enable them acquire the skills, ideas and managerial abilities and capabilities for self employment rather than being employed, the aim of entrepreneurship education is to encourage and train the recipients to create self employment opportunities for themselves through developing new businesses. In this direction, Entrepreneurship Education is the key agent in the development of human creative and innovative talents in business. OBJECTIVE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION Here under are the objectives for entrepreneurship education; 1. Provide graduate with enough training that will make them to be creative. 2. Provide small and medium size companies with the opportunity to recruit graduates who will receive training in skills relevant to the management of small business. 3. Provide the graduates with enough training in skills that will make them meet the manpower needs of the society. 4. Provide the graduates with enough training in risk management to make uncertain by bearing possible and easy. 5. Stimulate industrial and economic growth of rural and less developed areas. UNEMPLOYMENT AMONG GRADUATES * Unemployment is a state of joblessness or idleness of one with labour requirements, potentials, skills, attitudes and competencies (Bosah 1987). * It is a common phenomenon among graduate hence the need for entrepreneurship education, so as to reduce if not eradicated. This is because; unemployment has caused much havoc in our society today ranging from mental health, health disease, crime and violence, suicide case and even poverty. * The word â€Å"Poverty† has been variously perceived by many scholars. It could be expressed as the inability to secure for oneself the basic necessities of life. Poverty is one of the most common characteristics of majority of Nigeria today. * Poverty can be reduced through the following strategies: a. Promoting opportunity. b. Facilitating Empowerment. c. Enhancing security. * CONCEPT OF APPRENTICESHIP * Apprenticeship system can be conveniently defined as the learning of an art, trade or other callings by practical experience under the guidance of a master craft man. It involves strategy for acquiring occupational skills necessary for entrepreneurial development in our society. In Nigeria, Apprenticeship system is responsible for the production of most self employed artisans who have been playing significant role in keeping the country’s wheel of progress and economic activities on the move. It has for a long time constituted the main source of skill acquisition and development in very many trades including clothing and textiles. Till date, this system remains one of the gateways to escaping the scourge of poverty and the frustration of unemployment among youths in our society. * Problems Associated With Apprenticement A. The system is highly restricted to a particular trade. B. Lack of Admission Regulation. C. Vagueness of objectives. D. Lack of uniformity. E. Lack of statutory supervisory body. * NATIONAL DIRECTORATE OF EMPLOYMENT (NDE). * The National Directorate of Employment is an entrepreneurial training programme was established in 1986 and statutorily mandated by decree No 24 of 1989 to among others,; design and implement programmes to combat mass unemployment and articulate policies aimed at developing poverty work programmes with labour intensive potentials. The directorate is meant to tackle employment and poverty problems in both the short and the long term perspective by formulating and administering job creation as well as self employment related training programmess NDE (2000). * To perform these statutory functions, the directorate launched four well articulated training and employment generation programmes in 1987, these include; a. Vocational training. b. Business training. c. Training for rural employment. d. Training for labour based work programme. * CONCEPT OF VOCATIONAL TECHNICAL EDUCATION * Vocational Technical Education is a comprehensive term referring to the educational process where it involves, in addition to general education, the study of technologies and related sciences and the acquisition of practical skills and knowledge relating to occupations in various sectors of economic  and social life. * The major occupation areas of vocational technical education are as follows: a. Vocational agriculture b. Vocational business and office occupation. c. Distributive education. d. Vocational home economics education. e. Technical education. * OBJECTIVES OF VOCATIONAL TECHNICAL EDUCATION a. To prepare the learner for entry in employment and advancement in his chosen career. b. To meet the Manpower needs of the society. c. To increase the options available to each student. d. To serve as a motivating force to enhance all types of learning. e. To enable the recipients to wisely select a career. * CHALLENGES OF VOCATIONAL TECHNICAL EDUCATION IN NIGERIA * Vocational Technical Education in Nigeria today is challenged by numerous problems, they are: a. Reasonable number of private sector enterprises is not technically or skillfully driven. b. There is abject low level of attraction to technical and vocational education. c. Poor wage in vocational areas discourages individuals. d. Parents mostly encourage or have preference for courses that would enable their wards gain white collar jobs or graduation. e. Equipment and Infrastructure are inadequate technical and vocational institutions and training centers. * REMEDIES TO THE CHALLENGES a. Improve the profile of education and vocational education in particular. b. Increase investment in technical and vocational education delivery system whether at the school, the specialized colleges and within the firm. c. Encourage private sector investment in in-service technical and vocational education. d. Governments, particularly at the latter stages of their engagement with the technical and vocational education focused on growing the economy. * CONCEPT OF DISTRIBUTION IN ENTRPRENEURSHIP. * Entrepreneurs play a vital role in the channel of distribution both by action and by the virtue of their business activities. * Distribution functions provide viable entrepreneurial opportunities. The wholesalers, the retailers and business agents are altogether entrepreneurs by their respective business activities and operation. Distribution is an essential aspect of marketing and as such forms part of the inevitable activities in marketing, therefore having an effective channel of distribution is one of the surest strategies that could help entrepreneurs succeed or survive in their business. * CHANNEL OF DISTRIBUTION * Channel of distribution defines the various openings and outlets through which entrepreneur’s products get into the hands of the final consumers that is without the channel of distribution, the product cannot reach the final consumer and this will affect the standard of living. * CHAIN OF DISTRIBUTION * Producer – wholesaler – retailer – consumer. * Functions of each of them in the chain of distribution; * The Producer: the producer is also known as the manufacturer, He manufactures the goods or product which is distributed to the consumer. * The Wholesaler: He is a bulk purchaser that buys of the produce in large quantity and sell in to the retailer in small quantity or unit, His functions include: 1. Financing of production or Distribution. 2. Warehousing of Goods. 3. Channeling of Information. 4. Preparation of Goods for Sale. * The Retailer: He buys from the wholesaler in small unit and sell to the consumer in smaller unit; His functions include: 1. Stocking of a great variety of goods. 2. Provision of goods at accessible spots. 3. Information and guidance to the consumer. 4. Sharing of risks. 5. Financing of consumption. * TYPES OF AGENTS * Agents is a middle man between the channel of distribution for a firm’s products, Included among the types are: 1. Universal Agent. 2. General Agent. 3. Special Agent. 4. Delcredere Agent. 5. Factors Agent. 6. Brokers. 7. Forwarding and clearing Agents. 8. The Auctioneer. * TERMINATION OF AGENCY CONTRACT * An agency contract can be terminated if the following happen: 1. Bankruptcy of either party. 2. Death of either party. 3. Insanity of the principal or the agent. 4. The Inception of war between the countries of the two parties. * THE SOLE ENTREPRENEURSHIP BUSINESS. * These are business venture and organizations set up, owned and possibly managed by their owners, their start-up is as a result of the creative and Innovative ideas of the entrepreneur, which has been transformed or translated into an enterprise for the purposes of making profit. In most cases, this business is usually financed, managed, controlled and directed by one person usually the owner (entrepreneur). * FEATURES OF A SOLE ENTREPRENEURSHIP BUSINESS a. Profit maximization objective. b. Ownership is usually personal. c. Start-up capital is usually raised by the entrepreneur. d. The sole entrepreneur bears all the risks of his business. e. The life span of the business depends on the choice of the entrepreneur as the enterprise can fold up at any time. f. Meager capital. * ADVANTAGES OF SOLE ENTREPRENEURSHIP BUSINESS a. It requires small capital for start-up. b. Quick decision making. c. It is easy to manage. d. There is high level of secrecy in running the business. e. The sole entrepreneur maintains close links with his customers, assistants or employees and thus can easily identify their needs. * DISADVANTAGES OF SOLE ENTREPRENEURSHIP BUSINESS a. The sole entrepreneur bears all the risks of his business. b. The business suffers the problems of expansion due to limited fund or finance. c. The death of the owner may lead to the end of the business. * PARTNERSHIP ENTREPRENEUR BUSINESS * It is a type of business organization in which two or twenty partners agree legally to set up and manage a business ventures with the sole motive of making profits and losses together. * FEATURES OF PARTNERSHIP BUSINESS a. It is own jointly by partners b. Its main objective is for profit making. c. The start-up capital is usually raised by partners. d. The life span of the partnership arrangement depends on the agreement of the involved partners. * ADVANTAGES OF PARTNERSHIP ENTREPRENEUR BUSINESS 1. It have more financial standing as members pool together to raise fund for the business. 2. The risk of business is jointly shared. 3. It has better prospect for management as members pool their managerial skills and abilities to run the business. 4. It also have better prospect for continuity and expansion. 5. High level of commitment and participation by all partners. * DISADVANTAGES OF PARTNERSHIP ENTREPRENEUR BUSINESS 1. There is the possibility that disagreement among partners can put the business to an end. 2. Laxity in the operation of one partner can affect the entire operation thus leading to inefficiency. 3. Conflict of opinion or interest among partners can equally frustrate or undermine the management of the business. 4. The action of one reckless partner can pose much danger to the individual partners and the business itself. * PARTNERSHIP DEED * It is the rules and regulation governing the partners; who are in partnership, usually giving the details of arrangement on investment pattern, profit sharing ratio, role and responsibilities of each partner. DUTIES OF PARTNERS. The rights and duties of partners are as follows: a. All partners must work hard with sincerity and honesty for common objectives of the company. b. One partner should not start the same business in the some other business name to avoid unhealthy competition. c. All payment receivable and payable should be done in the company name only and not in any individuals name. d. There should be accuracy and clarity of cash-flow on accounts. e. Both working and non-working category of partners should exchange information pertaining the business. DISSOLUTION OF PARTNERSHIP. Since partnership is formed with an agreement, it can be also be dissolved with another agreement, the dissolution can be due to one or more of the following reasons, 1. At the expiration of the period of partnership. 2. Death or withdrawal one of the partners. 3. When there is a court or government order for dissolution. 4. Due to one or more partner misusing fund 5. In case of permanent incapacity, lunacy or grass misconduct of one or more partners. JOINT STOCK A Joint stock company is associations of individuals called shareholders, who join together for profit and shares that are transferable for carrying any business activity. FEATURES OF JOINT STOCK 1. Distinct legal entity. 2. Liability of members. 3. Perpetual succession. 4. Separation of ownership. 5. Authority. PRIVATE LIMITED COMPANY These are company formed by the group of person who pool the fund with the aim of making profit. It is registered with registrar of joint stock companies. It is formed by minimum of 2 and maximum of 50 persons. There is no public allotment of shares and debentures. PUBLIC LIMITED COMPANY In this company, the minimum shareholders are 7 and no maximum limit of share holders, shares can be transferred to anybody. A public limited company has to issue a prospectus to the public and allot shares within 180 days of the issue of prospectus, and annual general meeting has to be arranged to inform the performance aspects and financial details to be posted in advance to all the shareholders. CO-OPERATIVE ENTERPRISES Co-operative societies are started basically to avoid exploitations by middle men, it possess the following characteristics: 1. It has combined features of partnership, companies and Joint stock companies. 2. Cooperate members are shareholder and share the profit. 3. All shareholders are equal and there is no concentration of wealth and power in few hands. 4. It is managed on minimum or no profits to help members get commodities at lesser than market rates. Examples of co0operative are: 1. Consumer co-operative society. 2. Farmer’s co-operative society. 3. Co-operative housing society. 4. Co-operative diary. 5. Co-operative banks. ADVANTAGES OF CO-OPERATIVES A. Common man is benefited by way of getting essential commodities at reasonable prices. B. Hoarding, black marketing is avoided. C. The cost advantages are shared by members. DISADVANTAGES OF CO-OPERATIVES A. Though office bearers are elected, there could be possibility of non-involvement and hence inefficiency. B. Some members in high position may dictate the office bearers. C. Routine check and verification on quality is difficult due to some other occupation of office bearers. CONCEPT OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEUR Women have been identified as key agents sustainable development and the comprise half of human resources. Women Entrepreneurship is further defined as an enterprise owned and controlled by women having a minimum financial interest of 51% of the capital and giving at least 51% of employment generated in the enterprise of women. Women entrepreneurship option includes: 1. Special bedspreads making. 2. Embroidery and apparel designs. 3. Catering services. 4. Hair dressing. 5. Photographic studio. CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF WOMEN ENTRPRENEURS A. Affluent Women Entrepreneur. B. Pull Factors Women Entrepreneurs. C. Rural Women Entrepreneurs. D. Self Employed Women Entrepreneurs. PROBLEMS OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS 1. In a male dominant society, women are sometimes discouraged because some men believe that it is big risk financing the ventures run by women. 2. Financial Institution are skeptical about the entrepreneurial abilities of women. 3. Women’s family obligation also bar them becoming and developing nations. 4. Women give more emphasis to family ties and relationship. 5. Low level risk taking attitude. 6. HOW TO DEVELOP WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS 1. Encouraging women’s participation in decision-making. 2. Better educational facilities. 3. Counseling through the aid of committed NGO’s, Psychologist, managerial experts and technical personal. 4. Activities in which women are trained should focus on their marketability and profitability. 5. Financial and expertise assistance should be given to women entrepreneurs. Youth Entrepreneurship Development Objectives of Youth Entrepreneurship Development 1. To develop entrepreneurship spirit among youths in the country. 2. To generate employment opportunities for youths. 3. To assist Nigerian graduates to secure means of lively hood in the absence of paid employment. 4. To redirect the wasting of energies of our youths to more productive venture. 5. To assist to reduce the crime rate and incidence of social vises like armed robbery, kidnapping, thuggery etc. among our youths. Entrepreneurship Counseling Entrepreneurial counseling is quite a new area in the field of guidance and counseling; the youths in our society must be properly channeled, guided and assisted so as to imbibe a good life/ good conduct, a productive and rewarding economic life through micro-business start-up efforts. Entrepreneurial counseling services (a). Academic counseling services (b). vocational counseling services. (c). Occupational counseling. (d). Skill acquisition counseling. (e). Self employment counseling. Entrepreneurship and small scale business enterprises. Sometimes, entrepreneurship development is perceived as synonymous with small scale business, conceptually, they are not the same. Entrepreneurship is related to small scale business only by structure relevance. For a graduate to become an entrepreneur, he or she must; 1) . Develop a specific entrepreneurial skill. 2) . Develop motivation skills. 3) . Develop business skills. 4) . Develop financial literacy skill. 5) Acquire computer and information technology skills. Lesson from Ghana In Ghana, the most entrepreneurs cease operation at mainly the micro level and less than 5% of large businesses are Ghanaian owed. Another characteristic of Ghana entrepreneur situation is the alarming segment of entrepreneurs in the informal sector. The informal sector of Ghana is made up of about 90% of the working population (Baah and Achakoma, 2007). In Ghana about 48% represent the youth population which is from age 15-35 years of age. Like many African countries, Ghana’s population is fairly youthful (Baah, 2007). * Entrepreneurship in china used to be an oxymoron, but after the communist rose to power in 1949, China’s existing market economy was gradually transformed into a socialist economy. * *.